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The Fundamentals of Signal Analysis Application Note 243 2 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 4 Chapter 2 The Time, Frequency and Modal Domains: A matter of Perspective 5 Section 1: The Time Domain 5 Section 2: The Frequency Domain 7 Section 3: Instrumentation for the Frequency Domain 17 Section 4: The Modal Domain 20 Section 5: Instrumentation for the Modal Domain 23 Section 6: Summary 24 Chapter 3 Understanding Dynamic Signal Analysis 25 Section 1: FFT Properties 25 Section 2: Sampling and Digitizing 29 Section 3: Aliasing 29 Section 4: Band Selectable Analysis 33 Section 5: Windowing 34 Section 6: Network Stimulus 40 Section 7: Averaging 43 Section 8: Real Time Bandwidth 45 Section 9: Overlap Processing 47 Section 10: Summary 48 Chapter 4 Using Dynamic Signal Analyzers 49 Section 1: Frequency Domain Measurements 49 Section 2: Time Domain Measurements 56 Section 3: Modal Domain Measurements 60 Section 4: Summary 62 Appendix A The Fourier Transform: A Mathematical Background 63 Appendix B Bibliography 66 Index 67 3 Chapter 1 Introduction The analysis of electrical signals is In Chapter 3 we develop the proper- Because of the tutorial nature of this a fundamental problem for many ties of one of these classes of analyz- note, we will not attempt to show engineers and scientists. Even if the ers, Dynamic Signal Analyzers. These detailed solutions for the multitude of immediate problem is not electrical, instruments are particularly appropri- measurement problems which can be the basic parameters of interest are ate for the analysis of signals in the solved by Dynamic Signal Analysis. often changed into electrical signals range of a few millihertz to about a Instead, we will concentrate on the by means of transdu