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The Fundamentals of Signal Analysis Application Note 243 2 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 4 Chapter 2 The Time, Frequency and Modal Domains: 5 A matter of Perspective Section 1: The Time Domain 5 Section 2: The Frequency Domain 7 Section 3: Instrumentation for the Frequency Domain 17 Section 4: The Modal Domain 20 Section 5: Instrumentation for the Modal Domain 23 Section 6: Summary 24 Chapter 3 Understanding Dynamic Signal Analysis 25 Section 1: FFT Properties 25 Section 2: Sampling and Digitizing 29 Section 3: Aliasing 29 Section 4: Band Selectable Analysis 33 Section 5: Windowing 34 Section 6: Network Stimulus 40 Section 7: Averaging 43 Section 8: Real Time Bandwidth 45 Section 9: Overlap Processing 47 Section 10: Summary 48 Chapter 4 Using Dynamic Signal Analyzers 49 Section 1: Frequency Domain Measurements 49 Section 2: Time Domain Measurements 56 Section 3: Modal Domain Measurements 60 Section 4: Summary 62 Appendix A The Fourier Transform: A Mathematical Background 63 Appendix B Bibliography 66 Index 67 3 Chapter 1 Introduction The analysis of electrical signals In Chapter 3 we develop the is a fundamental problem for properties of one of these classes Because of the tutorial nature of many engineers and scientists. of analyzers, Dynamic Signal this note, we will not attempt to Even if the immediate problem Analyzers. These instruments are show detailed solutions for the is not electrical, the basic param- particularly appropriate for the multitude of measurement prob- eters of interest are often changed analysis of signals in the range lems which can be solved by into electrical signals by means of of a few millihertz to about a Dynamic Signal Analysis. Instead, transducers. Common transducers hundred kilohertz.