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®
Dual Display Multimeter
45
Users Manual
PN 855981 January 1989, Rev. 4, 7/97
© 1999 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved. Printed in USA All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
LIMITED WARRANTY & LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service. The warranty period is one year and begins on the date of shipment. Parts, product repairs and services are warranted for 90 days. This warranty extends only to the original buyer or end-user customer of a Fluke authorized reseller, and does not apply to fuses, disposable batteries or to any product which, in Fluke's opinion, has been misused, altered, neglected or damaged by accident or abnormal conditions of operation or handling. Fluke warrants that software will operate substantially in accordance with its functional specifications for 90 days and that it has been properly recorded on non-defective media. Fluke does not warrant that software will be error free or operate without interruption. Fluke authorized resellers shall extend this warranty on new and unused products to end-user customers only but have no authority to extend a greater or different warranty on behalf of Fluke. Warranty support is available if product is purchased through a Fluke authorized sales outlet or Buyer has paid the applicable international price. Fluke reserves the right to invoice Buyer for importation costs of repair/replacement parts when product purchased in one country is submitted for repair in another country. Fluke's warranty obligation is limited, at Fluke's option, to refund of the purchase price, free of charge repair, or replacement of a defective product which is returned to a Fluke authorized service center within the warranty period. To obtain warranty service, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center or send the product, with a description of the difficulty, postage and insurance prepaid (FOB Destination), to the nearest Fluke authorized service center. Fluke assumes no risk for damage in transit. Following warranty repair, the product will be returned to Buyer, transportation prepaid (FOB Destination). If Fluke determines that the failure was caused by misuse, alteration, accident or abnormal condition of operation or handling, Fluke will provide an estimate of repair costs and obtain authorization before commencing the work. Following repair, the product will be returned to the Buyer transportation prepaid and the Buyer will be billed for the repair and return transportation charges (FOB Shipping Point). THIS WARRANTY IS BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES, INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA, WHETHER ARISING FROM BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, RELIANCE OR ANY OTHER THEORY. Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an implied warranty, or exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, the limitations and exclusions of this warranty may not apply to every buyer. If any provision of this Warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision. Fluke Corporation P.O. Box 9090 Everett, WA 98206-9090 U.S.A. 5/94 Fluke Europe B.V. P.O. Box 1186 5602 BD Eindhoven The Netherlands
Safety Class This is an IEC safety class 1 (grounded enclosure) product. For safety, the ground wire in the line cord must be connected when operating from AC power. When operated from the optional battery pack, this product meets the safety requirements for a safety class 2 (reinforced insulation) product and does not require grounding for safety. Interference Information This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, may cause interference to radio and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device in accordance with the specifications of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: · · This device may not cause harmful interference. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
There is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one of more of the following measures: · · · · Reorient the receiving antenna Relocate the equipment with respect to the receiver Move the equipment away from the receiver Plug the equipment into a different outlet so that the computer and receiver are on different branch circuits
If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for additional suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission helpful: How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems. This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Stock No. 004-000-00345-4. Declaration of the Manufacturer or Importer We hereby certify that the Fluke Model 45 Dual Display MultiMeter is in compliance with BMPT Vfg 243/1991 and is RFI suppressed. The normal operation of some equipment (e.g. signal generators) may be subject to specific restrictions. Please observe the notices in the users manual. The marketing and sales of the equipment was reported to the Central Office for Telecommunication Permits (BZT). The right to retest this equipment to verify compliance with the regulation was given to the BZT.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Title
Page
Introduction ........................................................................................ 1-1 Introducing the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter........................................... 1-1 Options and Accessories .................................................................................... 1-2 Where to go from Here ...................................................................................... 1-2
2
Getting Started ................................................................................... 2-1 Introduction........................................................................................................ Getting Started ................................................................................................... Unpacking and Inspecting the Meter............................................................. Front Panel and Rear Panel ........................................................................... Adjusting the Handle ..................................................................................... Line Power..................................................................................................... Turning the Meter on ......................................................................................... Using the Pushbuttons........................................................................................ Selecting a Measurement Range ........................................................................ Automatic Input Terminal Selection.................................................................. Taking Some Basic Measurements .................................................................... Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency .............................................. Measuring Current......................................................................................... Diode/Continuity Testing .............................................................................. Operating the Meter Under Battery Power (Optional)....................................... Rack Mounting................................................................................................... 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-3 2-3 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-9 2-9
3
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel ....................................... 3-1 Introduction........................................................................................................ Front Panel Operations ...................................................................................... Display ............................................................................................................... Primary Display............................................................................................. Secondary Display......................................................................................... Input Terminals.................................................................................................. Selecting a Measurement Function .................................................................... Ranging.............................................................................................................. Autoranging................................................................................................... Manual Ranging ............................................................................................
i
3-1 3-1 3-2 3-2 3-2 3-4 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-8
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Measuring Frequency......................................................................................... Frequency Ranging........................................................................................ Frequency Measurement Rates...................................................................... Measuring Frequency of Current (100 mA and 10A) Inputs......................... Frequency Sensitivity Selection .................................................................... Selecting A Function Modifier .......................................................................... REL (Relative Readings) Modifier................................................................ dB (Decibels and Audio Power) Modifier..................................................... HOLD (Touch Hold) Modifier ...................................................................... MN MX (Minimum Maximum) Modifier..................................................... Using Function Modifiers in Combination.................................................... Selecting A Measurement Rate (Rate) .......................................................... Using the S Button .................................................................................... Using The Compare (Comp) Function............................................................... The List and Number Editors ........................................................................ Using the List Editor ..................................................................................... Using the Number Editor............................................................................... Power-Up Configuration.................................................................................... Factory Settings of Power-Up Configuration ................................................ Changing the Power-Up Configuration ......................................................... Calibration ......................................................................................................... 4
3-8 3-8 3-9 3-9 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-13 3-13 3-14 3-14 3-16 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-19 3-19 3-20
Applications........................................................................................ 4-1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 4-1 Using the Dual Display...................................................................................... 4-1 Using Measurement Functions in Combination ............................................ 4-2 Taking Voltage and Current Measurements Using the Dual Display ........... 4-2 Response Times ................................................................................................. 4-4 How the Meter Makes Dual Display Measurements ......................................... 4-5 Updating the Primary and Secondary Displays with a Single Measurement 4-5 Updating the Primary and Secondary Displays with Separate Measurements 4-5 Update Rate in the Dual Display Mode......................................................... 4-7 External Trigger ................................................................................................. 4-7 Thermal Voltages............................................................................................... 4-8 When Measuring Resistance.............................................................................. 4-9 Two-Wire Configuration ............................................................................... 4-9 Correcting for Test Lead Resistance ............................................................. 4-9 True RMS Measurements .................................................................................. 4-9 Effects of Internal Noise in AC Measurements............................................. 4-10 Calculated (AC + DC) RMS Measurements ................................................. 4-10 Waveform Comparison (True RMS vs. Average-Responding Meters) ........ 4-10
5
Operating the Meter Using the Computer Interface ......................... 5-1 Introduction........................................................................................................ Local and Remote Operations ....................................................................... Preparing the Meter for Operations via the RS-232 Interface ........................... Setting Communication Parameters (RS-232)............................................... RS-232 Print-Only Mode............................................................................... Cabling the Meter to a Host or Printer (RS-232)........................................... Character Echoing and Deletion.................................................................... Device Clear Using ^C (CNTRL C).............................................................. RS-232 Prompts............................................................................................. Preparing the Meter to be Operated via IEEE-488 Interface ............................. IEEE-488 Operating Limitations...................................................................
ii
5-1 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-5 5-5
Contents (continued)
Installing the IEEE-488 Interface .................................................................. Enabling the IEEE-488 Interface................................................................... Addressing the Meter..................................................................................... Cabling the Meter to a Host........................................................................... Getting Started With An Installation Test.......................................................... Installation Test for RS-232 Operations ........................................................ Installation Test for IEEE-488 Operations .................................................... If Test Fails.................................................................................................... How the Meter Processes Input ......................................................................... Input Strings .................................................................................................. Input Terminators .......................................................................................... Typical IEEE-488 Input Strings .................................................................... Sending Numeric Values to the Meter .......................................................... Sending Command Strings to the Meter........................................................ How the Meter Processes Output....................................................................... Triggering Output .............................................................................................. External Triggering from the Front Panel ..................................................... Setting the Trigger Type Configuration ........................................................ External Triggering via the Computer Interface............................................ Service Requests (IEEE-488 Only and Status Registers ................................... Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers ........................................... Status Byte Register ...................................................................................... Reading the Status Byte Register .................................................................. Service Request Enable Register ................................................................... Computer Interface Command Set..................................................................... IEEE-488 Capabilities and Common Commands ......................................... Function Commands and Queries.................................................................. Function Modifier Commands and Queries .................................................. Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries................................ Measurement Queries .................................................................................... Compare Commands and Queries ................................................................. Trigger Configuration Commands................................................................. Miscellaneous Commands and Queries......................................................... RS-232 Remote/Local Configurations .......................................................... Sample Program Using the RS-232 Computer Interface ................................... Sample Programs Using the IEEE-488 Computer Interface.............................. 6
5-5 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-11 5-11 5-11 5-12 5-12 5-13 5-16 5-17 5-17 5-18 5-19 5-19 5-22 5-22 5-25 5-26 5-27 5-27 5-28 5-29 5-30 5-31
Maintenance........................................................................................ 6-1 Introduction........................................................................................................ Cleaning ............................................................................................................. Line Fuse............................................................................................................ Current Input Fuses............................................................................................ Testing Current Input Fuses .......................................................................... Replacing the 100 mA Input Fuse ................................................................. Replacing the 10 A Input Fuse ...................................................................... Self-Test Diagnostics and Error Codes.............................................................. Performance Tests.............................................................................................. Service ............................................................................................................... Replacement Parts.............................................................................................. 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-5 6-7
Appendices A Specifications .............................................................................................. A-1 B ASCII/IEEE-488 Bus Codes ....................................................................... B-1 C IEEE-488.2 Device Documentation Requirements ..................................... C-1
iii
List of Tables
Table 1-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-4. 3-5. 3-6. 3-7. 3-8. 3-9. 3-10. 3-11. 3-12. 3-13. 4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 4-4. 4-5. 5-1. 5-2. 5-5. 5-6. 5-7. 5-8. 5-9. 5-11. 5-12. 5-13. 5-14. 5-15. 5-16. 5-17. 5-18. 6-1. 6-2.
Title Accessories............................................................................................................. Voltage Ranges and Full Scale Values................................................................... Current Ranges and Full Scale Values ................................................................... Ohms Ranges and Full Scale Values...................................................................... Frequency Ranges and Full Scale Values (Slow and Medium*) ........................... Frequency Measurement Rates .............................................................................. Maximum Sinewave Inputs for Frequency Measurements .................................... Reference Impedances in Ohms ............................................................................. Display Measurement Rates for Single Function Measurements........................... S Button Operations........................................................................................... Options Available Through List Editor.................................................................. Number Editor Options .......................................................................................... Power-Up Configuration Set at Factory................................................................. Sample Dual Display Applications ........................................................................ Typical Single Measurement Response Times (in Seconds) ................................. Typical Settling Delays (in Seconds) ..................................................................... Typical Measurement Intervals (in Seconds) for Dual Display Measurements..... Ohms Test Voltage................................................................................................. Factory Settings of RS-232 Communication Parameters....................................... Approximate Print Rates in RS-232 Print-Only Mode........................................... Status Register Summary ....................................................................................... Description of Bits in ESR and ESE ...................................................................... Description of Bits in the Status Byte Register*.................................................... IEEE-488 Interface Function Subsets .................................................................... IEEE-488 Common Commands............................................................................. Function Commands and Queries .......................................................................... Function Modifier Commands and Queries ........................................................... Range and Measurement Rate Commands and Queries......................................... Measurement Queries............................................................................................. Compare Commands and Queries.......................................................................... Trigger Configuration Commands ......................................................................... Miscellaneous Commands and Queries ................................................................. Remote/Local Configuration Commands............................................................... Self-Test Error Codes............................................................................................. Performance Tests for Volts, Diode Test, Ohms, and Frequency, Functions ........
v
Page 1-2 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-9 3-10 3-12 3-14 3-15 3-18 3-18 3-20 4-3 4-6 4-6 4-8 4-9 5-2 5-3 5-14 5-17 5-18 5-20 5-20 5-22 5-23 5-25 5-26 5-27 5-27 5-28 5-29 6-4 6-5
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Users Manual
6-3. 6-4. 6-5.
Performance Tests for mA Current Functions ....................................................... 6-7 Performance Tests for A Current Functions........................................................... 6-7 Replacement Parts .................................................................................................. 6-7
vi
List of Figures
Figure 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-5. 2-6. 2-7. 2-8. 3-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-4. 3-5. 3-6. 3-7. 4-1. 4-2. 4-3. 5-1. 5-2. 5-3. 5-4. 5-5. 5-6. 6-1. 6-2.
Title Front Panel ............................................................................................................. Rear Panel .............................................................................................................. Adjusting Handle.................................................................................................... Summary of Basic Pushbutton Operations............................................................. Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency....................................................... Measuring Current or Frequency ........................................................................... Continuity Testing.................................................................................................. Diode Testing ......................................................................................................... Primary Display...................................................................................................... Display Annunciators............................................................................................. Secondary Display.................................................................................................. Input Terminals ...................................................................................................... Function Selection Buttons .................................................................................... Range Selection Buttons ........................................................................................ Function Modifier Selection Buttons ..................................................................... Dual Display Showing Volts AC and Frequency................................................... DC Voltage and DC Current Measurement on Input Signal.................................. Waveform Comparison Chart ................................................................................ Typical IEEE-488 Input Strings ............................................................................. External Trigger Using Receive Pin (RX) of RS-232 Interface............................. Overview of Status Data Structures ....................................................................... Event Status and Event Status Enable Registers .................................................... Sample Program for RS-232 Computer Interface .................................................. Sample Programs for IEEE-488 Computer Interface............................................. Replacing the Line Fuse......................................................................................... Replacing the 100mA Input Fuse...........................................................................
Page 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-7 2-7 2-8 2-8 3-2 3-3 3-3 3-4 3-6 3-8 3-11 4-2 4-4 4-11 5-10 5-13 5-15 5-16 5-31 5-32 6-2 6-3
vii
Chapter 1
Introduction
Introducing the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter
Note This manual contains information and warnings that must be followed to ensure safe operation and retain the meter in safe condition.
W Warning
To avoid electric shock or injury, read the "multimeter safety" sheet preceding Chapter 2 before using the meter. The Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter (also referred to as "the meter") is a 4/2-digit (30,000 count) meter with a 5-digit (100,000 count) high resolution mode. The meter is designed for bench-top, field service, and system applications. Complete specifications are provided in Appendix A. With the (optional) IEEE-488 computer interface installed, the meter is fully programmable for use on the IEEE Standard 488.1 interface bus(1987). The meter is also designed in compliance with supplemental standard IEEE-488.2 (1987). Some features provided by the meter are: · A dual, vacuum fluorescent, display that allows two properties of an input signal to be displayed at the same time. (e.g., ac voltage in one display and frequency in the other). Remote operation via the RS-232 interface (included) or the IEEE-488 interface (optional). True rms ac (AC + DC) rms, calculated Frequency measurements to greater than 1 MHz I µV sensitivity in volts dc Decibels with variable reference impedance and audio power measurement capability. A compare mode to determine if a measurement is within, above, or below a designated range.
1-1
· · · · · · ·
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Users Manual
· ·
100,000, 30,000, and 3,000 selectable count resolution, with display reading speeds of 2.5, 5, and 20 readings per second (rps), respectively. Built-in self-tests with closed-case calibration (no internal calibration adjustments).
Options and Accessories
Two options are available. These options can be installed in the meter at the factory or by the customer on site: · The IEEE-488 Interface (Option -O5K) provides full programmability, and automated calibration. The IEEE-488 computer interface command set is identical to the RS-232 interface commands wherever possible. The Battery Kit (Option -01 K) consists of a rechargeable, 8 V, lead-acid battery, with battery bracket and charger assembly. The battery has a typical operating time of eight hours and is fully operable at ambient temperatures between 0 and 50 °C. For complete battery specifications, refer to Appendix A.
·
Available accessories are listed and described in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1. Accessories Model C40 M00-200-634 Description Soft carrying case. Provides padded protection for the meter. Includes a pocket for the manual and pouch for the test leads and line cord. Rackmount Kit. Allows meter to be mounted on either the right or left side of a standard 19-inch rack. RS-232 terminal interface cable. Connects the Fluke 45 to any terminal or printer with ® ® properly configured DTE connector (DB-25 socket), including an IBM PC , IBM PC/XT or IBM PS/2 (models 25, 30, 5O, P60, 70, and 80). RS-232 modem cable. Connects the Fluke 45 to a modem with properly configured DB-25 male pin connector. QuickStart TM, a PC software package, simplifies operation of the Fluke 45 when using the RS-232 computer interface. Readings are recorded in files that can be accessed by Lotus ® ® 1-2-3 , dBase lll and other graphics packages. Shielded IEEE-488 one-meter (39.4 inches) cable, with plug and jack at each end. Shielded IEEE-488 two-meter (78.8 inches) cable, with plug and jack at each end. Shielded IEEE-488 four-meter (13 feet) cable, with plug and jack at each end.
RS40
RS41 S45
Y8021 Y8022 Y8023
Where to go from Here
This manual has been organized to assist you in getting started quickly. It is not necessary for you to read the entire manual before using the meter effectively. However, we recommend that you do so in order to use your meter to its full advantage. Begin by scanning the Table of Contents to familiarize yourself with the organization of the manual. Then, read Chapter 2, "GETTING STARTED". Refer to the appropriate chapter of the manual as needed. The contents of each chapter are summarized below. Chapter 1: Introduction Introduces the Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter, describing its features, options, accessories, and users manual.
1-2
Introduction Where to go from Here
1
Chapter 2: Getting started Explains how to prepare the meter for operation and get started quickly taking basic measurements from the front panel. Chapter 3: Operating the meter from the front panel Provides a complete description of each operation that can be performed using the pushbuttons on the front panel. Chapter 3 is organized so that related operations and functions are grouped together. Chapter 4: Applications Describes how to use the meter in more advanced operations and sophisticated applications. Assumes a basic knowledge of the meter and front panel operations. Chapter 5: Operating the Meter using the Computer Interface Describes how to connect the meter to a terminal or host and operate it via the RS-232-C or (optional) IEEE-488 interface. Assumes a basic knowledge of the meter and front panel operations. Chapter 6: Maintenance Describes how to perform basic maintenance and repairs (e.g., replacing fuses) and how to order replacement parts. Complete service and repair procedures are contained in the "Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter Service Manual" (P/N 856042). Appendices A. Specifications B. ASCII/ IEEE-488 Bus Codes C. IEEE-488.2 Device Documentation Requirements
1-3
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1-4
MULTIMETER SAFETY
The Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter has been designed and tested according to IEC Publication 348, Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus. This manual contains information and warnings which must be followed to ensure safe operation and retain the meter in safe condition. Use of this equipment in a manner not specified herein may impair the protection provided by the equipment. The meter is designed for IEC 664, Installation Category II use. It is designed for use in circuits with a VA rating of <4800 VA. Some common international electrical symbols used in this manual are shown below.
B F D I AC - ALTERNATING CURRENT DC - DIRECT CURRENT EITHER AC OR DC CURRENT FUSE Y J W T DANGEROUS VOLTAGE EARTH GROUND SEE EXPLANATION IN MANUAL DOUBLE INSULATION FOR PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK
Before using the meter, read the following safety information carefully. In this manual, "WARNING," is reserved for conditions and actions that pose hazard(s) to the user; "CAUTION," is reserved for conditions and actions that may damage your meter.
W WARNING TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK OR OTHER INJURY:
· · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Avoid working alone Follow all safety procedures for equipment being tested. Inspect the test leads for damaged insulation or exposed metal. Check test lead continuity. Damaged leads should be replaced. Be sure the meter is in good operating condition. Select the proper function for your measurement. To avoid electrical shock, use caution when working above 60V dc or 30V ac RMS. Disconnect the live test lead before disconnecting the common test lead. Disconnect the power and discharge high-voltage capacitors before testing in and LR. When making a current measurement, turn the circuit power off before connecting the meter in the circuit. Check meter fuses before measuring transformer secondary or motor winding current. (See Section 6, MAINTENANCE.") An open fuse may allow high voltage build-up, which is potentially hazardous. Use clamp-on probes when measuring circuits exceeding 10 amps. When servicing the meter, use only the replacement parts specified. Do not allow meter to be used if it is damaged or if its safety is impaired.
Chapter 2
Getting Started
Introduction
Chapter 2 explains how to prepare the meter for operation, discusses general operating features, and walks you through the basics of taking some common measurements.
Getting Started
Unpacking and Inspecting the Meter Carefully remove the meter from its shipping container and inspect it for possible damage or missing items. If the meter is damaged or something is missing, contact the place of purchase immediately. Save the container and packing material in case you have to return the meter. Front Panel and Rear Panel The front panel (shown in Figure 2-1.) has three main elements: the input terminals on the left, the primary and secondary displays, and the pushbuttons. The pushbuttons are used to select major functions, ranging operations, and function modifiers. These elements are described in detail in Chapter 3. The rear panel (shown in Figure 2-2) contains the power-line cord connector, an RS-232 interface connector, a cutout for the (optional) IEEE-488 interface connector, a serial number label, and a line fuse. (For fuse testing and replacement procedures, refer to Chapter 6.) Rotate the rear feet 180 degrees before using the meter. Adjusting the Handle For bench-top use, the handle can be positioned to provide two viewing angles. To adjust its position, pull the ends out to a hard stop (about 1/4-inch on each side) and rotate it to one of the four stop positions shown in Figure 2-3. To remove the handle, adjust it to the vertical stop position and pull the ends all the way out. Line Power
WWarning
To avoid shock hazard, connect the instrument power cord to a power receptacle with earth ground. A protective ground connection by way of the grounding conductor in the power cord is essential for safe operation.
2-1
45
Users Manual
mA Fuse Receptacle
Primary Display
Secondary Display
45
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
10A
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
REL AUTO REMOTE SMF MAX dB MIN HOLD EXT TRG mA mVDCAC UNCAL mA Mk Hz
mV DC AC Mk Hz
CAL ENABLE
COM
Shift Key
V A
REL dB 2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
FUSED
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
Input Terminals
Function Buttons
Ranging Buttons
Modifier Buttons
Reading Rate
aam01f.eps
Figure 2-1. Front Panel
IEEE-488 Interface Connector* RS-232 Connector Serial Number Label
IEEE STD 488 PORT
C
R
US
LISTED 950 Z
SH1, AH1, T5, L4, SR1, RL1, DC1, DT1, PPO, CO ,E1
RX
WARNING: CAUTION:
FOR FIRE PROTECTION REPLACE ONLY WITH T 1/8A 250V (SLOW) FUSE TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK DISCONNECT MEASURING TERMINALS BEFORE OPENING CASE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
IIII
DTR TX GND
WARNING:
TO AVOID DAMAGE OR INJURY USE ONLY IN CIRCUITS LESS THAN 4800VA
90-264V 50/60 Hz 20VA
RS-232C
FLUKE CORPORATION MADE IN USA PAT. 4,217,543 4,556,867 4,532,470 4,825,392 4,857,878 5,332,963 5,418,464 DES 311,700
*Available with IEEE-488 Interface Option only. Otherwise, covered with insert
Line Power Fuse Housing Power-Line Cord Connector
aam02f.eps
Figure 2-2. Rear Panel
2-2
Getting Started Turning the Meter on
2
1. Viewing Position
2. Alternate Viewing Position
Pull End Out and Towards You. Then Slide to Left.
3. Carrying Position
4. Removal Position (to Remove, Pull Ends Out)
aam03f.eps
Figure 2-3. Adjusting Handle
If you have not already done so, plug the line cord into the connector on the rear of the meter. The meter will operate on any line voltage between 90 V ac and 264 V ac without adjustment, and any frequency between 45 and 440 Hz. However, it is only warranted to meet published specifications at 50/60 Hz.
Turning the Meter on
To turn the meter on, press in the green, POWER button located on the lower-right of the front panel. If the meter is being operated under battery power and you turn the meter off, you must wait five seconds before turning the meter back on. If you do not, the meter will not power-up. When the meter is turned on, the primary and secondary displays light for about 4 seconds while the instrument performs an internal self-test of its digital circuitry. These tests check RAM, ROM, A/ D, calibration, and the display. The meter has passed all tests and is ready for normal operation if an error code is not displayed. However, if an error is detected, the meter will still attempt to operate. (Refer to "Self-Test Diagnostics and Error Codes" in Chapter 6.) If any front panel button other than E is held down while the power-up sequence is in progress, the entire display stays on until another button is pressed. Then, the powerup sequence continues. After the meter completes the power-up sequence, it assumes the power-up measurement configuration stored in non-volatile memory. The power-up configuration set at the factory is shown in Table 3-13. (To change the power-up configuration, refer to "Changing the Power-Up Configuration" in Chapter 3.)
Using the Pushbuttons
The pushbuttons on the front panel select meter functions and operations. A summary of basic pushbutton operations is shown in Figure 2-4. Pushbuttons can be used in three ways. You can: · Press a single button to select a function or operation. EXAMPLE: Press Z to select volts ac for the primary display. Press a combination of buttons, one after the other.
2-3
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Users Manual
2ND (SHIFT BUTTON): -Press 2ND then a FUNCTION BUTTON to Select Function for Secondary Display. (Refer to Section 3 for other uses of 2ND .)
-Press to Toggle In and Out of Decibels
-Press to Toggle In and Out of Relative Mode
FUNCTION MODIFIER BUTTONS
FUNCTION BUTTONS: -Press to Select a Function
V
A
REL
dB
2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
RANGE BUTTONS: -Press -Press
AUTO
to Toggle In and Out of Manual Ranging; or to Up Range or Down Range
-Press to Step Through Measurement Rate (Slow, Medium, Fast)
-Press to Select Touch Hold; -Press to Force Update; -Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit.
-Press in to Power-Up
-Press to Select the MN MX Modifier; -Press to Toggle Between Minimum and Maximum Reading; -Press and Hold Down for 2 Seconds to Exit MN MX Mode.
aam04f.eps
Figure 2-4. Summary of Basic Pushbutton Operations
2-4
Getting Started Selecting a Measurement Range
2
EXAMPLE: Press Z to select volts ac for the primary display, then press I to select the decibels modifier. · Press multiple buttons simultaneously. EXAMPLE: Press Z and Ysimultaneously to select true rms volts ac + volts dc (calculated) in the primary display. For more details on the uses of each button, refer to Chapter 3, "OPERATING THE METER FROM THE FRONT PANEL."
Selecting a Measurement Range
Measurement ranges can be selected automatically by the meter in "autorange" or manually by the user. In the autorange mode, the meter selects the appropriate range for the measurement reading. To manually select a range, press E to toggle in (and out) of the manual ranging mode, or press U or T . In the manual range mode, press U or T to up range or down range to the desired range. For more details on ranging, refer to "Ranging'' in Chapter 3.
Automatic Input Terminal Selection
If current (ac or dc) is being measured in the autorange mode and there is no input on the 100 mA terminal, the meter switches automatically between the 100 mA and 10 A input terminals looking for a signal. A front panel annunciator indicates that the meter is in the mA range while the meter attempts to select the correct input terminal. When a signal is detected at either input terminal, the display updates with the measurement results. If an input signal is not found on either input terminal, a measurement is taken on the mA terminal. Automatic input terminal selection is disabled when the meter is in the manual ranging mode. Use the Uand T buttons to select the appropriate current input terminal and range.
Taking Some Basic Measurements
W Warning
Read "Multimeter Safety" before operating this meter. The following procedures describe the basics of taking common measurements from the front panel. These procedures are provided for the user who needs to get started quickly, but does not want to read the rest of the manual at this time. However, in order to take full advantage of your meter, you should read the remainder of this manual carefully and completely.
W Warning
To avoid electrical shock or damage to the meter, do not apply more than the rated voltage between any terminal and earth ground. The meter is protected against overloads up to the limits shown in Table 3-1. Exceeding these limits poses a hazard to the meter and operator.
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Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency To measure voltage, resistance, or frequency, press the desired function button and connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2-5. The meter will select the appropriate range in the autorange mode, and an annunciator on the display will indicate measurement units. Note After measuring high voltage to 1000 V dc, errors may occur when making measurements with 1 to 10 µV resolution. Allow up to two minutes prior to making low-level measurements. Measuring Current To measure current, insert the test leads in the 100 mA input terminal for currents up to 100 mA or in the 10 A input terminal for higher current. Press C or D and connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2-6 and described in the following procedure: 1. Turn off power in the circuit to be measured. 2. Break the circuit (on the ground side to minimize the common mode voltage), and place the meter in series at that point. (To measure current without breaking the circuit, use a current clamp.) 3. Turn on power to the circuit, and read the display. The meter will select the appropriate range automatically, and an annunciator on the display will indicate the units of the measurement value shown. 4. Turn off power to the circuit and disconnect the meter from the tested circuit. Note After measuring high current using the 10 A input, thermal voltages are generated that may create errors when making low-level (high sensitivity) dc measurements of volts, current, or ohms. To make the most accurate measurements, allow up to ten minutes for the thermals to settle out. Diode/Continuity Testing Diode and continuity tests are performed by a diode test function with a continuity beeper that can be turned on and off. The continuity test determines whether a circuit is intact (i.e., has a resistance less than about 30 ). The meter detects continuity for intervals as brief as 50 µs. The continuity test function cannot be selected for the secondary display. To perform a continuity test, press G , and connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2-7. The beeper emits a single beep when the input drops below +0.8 V (approximately 1 k), and emits a continuous tone when the input goes below +25 mV (approximately 30 ). The diode test measures the forward voltage of a semiconductor junction (or junctions) at approximately 0.7 mA. Readings are displayed in the 3 V range at the medium and fast measurement rates. "OL" is displayed for voltages above +2.5 V. If the diode test is performed at the slow reading rate, readings are displayed in millivolts on the 1000 mV (1 V) range.
2-6
Getting Started Taking Some Basic Measurements
2
+
VOLTAGE SOURCE
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
45
10A
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
CAL ENABLE
-
COM
V
A
REL
dB
2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
FUSED
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
V
FREQ
V
aam05f.eps
Figure 2-5. Measuring Voltage, Resistance, or Frequency
45
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
CURRENT SOURCE
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
10A
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
CAL ENABLE
COM
V
A
REL
dB
2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
FUSED
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
Note: Measurement can be also made using current clamp without breaking circuit.
A
FREQ
A
aam06f.eps
Figure 2-6. Measuring Current or Frequency
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Users Manual
+
TEST CIRCUIT
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
45
10A
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
-
CAL ENABLE
COM
V
A
REL
dB
2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
FUSED
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
Note: This is a Diode Test Function with a Continuity Beeper.
aam07f.eps
Figure 2-7. Continuity Testing
45
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
10A
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
CAL ENABLE
COM
V
A
REL
dB
2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
FUSED
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
aam08f.eps
Figure 2-8. Diode Testing
2-8
Getting Started Operating the Meter Under Battery Power (Optional)
2
To perform a diode or transistor junction test, press G to select the diode/continuity function. (Each press of G turns the continuity beeper on and off.) Then connect the test leads across the diode as shown in Figure 2-8. Notice how the test leads are placed. Reversing the polarity will reverse-bias the diode.
Operating the Meter Under Battery Power (Optional)
The meter can be powered by an 8 V, lead-acid battery. The battery module consists of a battery, battery bracket, and battery charger circuit assembly. The battery is rechargeable, requires no maintenance, and is fully operable at ambient temperatures between 0 and 50 °C. Refer to Appendix A for specifications. The battery has a typical operating time of eight hours. When less than 1/2-hour of battery life remains, N turns on. If you turn the meter off when it is being operated under battery power, you must wait five seconds before turning the meter back on. Otherwise the meter will not power-up. To maintain a fully charged battery (and maximize battery life), always recharge the battery after the meter has been operated on battery power. To recharge the battery, plug the meter into line power and turn the meter off. It will take approximately 16 hours to fully recharge a discharged battery with the meter turned off. The battery remains fully charged as long as the meter is connected to line power. You need not be concerned about over-charging the battery. Do not store the battery for extended periods in a discharged state. Always fully charge the battery before storage and at least once every six months during storage. If the meter has been stored for a long period with the battery installed, fully recharge the battery before using the meter on battery power.
Rack Mounting
You can mount the meter in a standard 19-inch rack using the M00-200-634 Rack Mount Kit. The rear feet can be rotated to clear a narrow rack space. To install the rack mount kit, refer to the instructions provided with it.
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2-10
Chapter 3
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel
Introduction
Chapter 3 explains how to operate the meter from the front panel. Refer to Chapter 4 for information concerning specific applications. Chapter 5 provides instructions on how to operate the meter using the computer interface (RS-232 or IEEE-488).
Front Panel Operations
The following operations can be performed from the front panel: · · · · · · · · · · · · Select a measurement function (volts dc, volts ac, current dc, current ac, resistance, frequency, and diode/continuity test) for the primary and secondary display. Take a measurement and display a reading. Select the manual or autorange mode (AUTO). Manually select a measurement range for the primary display. Select function modifiers that cause the meter to display relative readings (REL), minimum or maximum values (MN MX), or decibels (dB), or to enter the Touch Hold mode (HOLD) to hold a reading on the primary display. Change the measurement rate (slow, medium, fast). Set the dB reference resistance (REF ). Take a measurement and compare (COMP) it against a tolerance range (HI, LO, or PASS). Use the "editor" to select from option lists, to enter a relative base, or to enter a HILO range for the compare (COMP) mode. Configure the computer interface (RS-232 or IEEE-488). Take an audio power reading. Send measurements directly to a printer or terminal through the RS-232 interface (RS-232 print-only mode).
These and other front panel operations are described in the remainder of Chapter 3.
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Display
The meter has a 5-digit, vacuum-fluorescent, dual display. This display shows measurement readings, annunciators, and messages. The annunciators indicate measurement units and the meters operating configuration. The dual display allows you to see two properties (e.g., volts ac and frequency) of the input signal you are measuring. Readings are taken and displayed in an alternating fashion. That is, a reading is taken of one property of the input and sent to a display; then a reading of the other property is taken and sent to the other display. (For more detail, see "How the Meter makes Dual Display Measurements" in Chapter 4.) The display flashes when a measurement exceeds 1000 V dc or 750 V ac, the maximum rated input level. If an input exceeds the full scale value of the selected range, the overload annunciator (OL) is displayed. Primary Display The primary display (shown in Figure 3-1) consists of the larger digits and annunciators (see Figure 3-2) and is located on the left side of the front panel. Readings using the relative (REL), minimum maximum (MN MX), Touch Hold (HOLD), or decibels (dB) modifiers can be shown on the primary display only. Secondary Display The secondary display consists of a set of smaller digits on the right side of the dual display (see Figure 3-3). Press S to turn the secondary display on and off. A series of five dashes is shown in the secondary display when the secondary display has been turned on but a function has not yet been selected.
45
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
REL AUTO REMOTE SMF MAX dB MIN HOLD EXT TRG mA mVDCAC Mk Hz
aam09f.eps
Figure 3-1. Primary Display
3-2
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Display
3
Reading Rate: Slow, Medium, Fast Remote State with or without Front Panel Lockout (REMS or RWLS)) MIN MAX Modifier Touch Hold Modifier Decibels Modifier
Relative Modifier
Autorange
Continuity Test Function and Unit Annunciators
REL AUTO REMOTE SMF MAX dB MIN HOLD EXT TRG mA mVDCAC UNCAL mA Mk Hz
External Trigger Enabled
mV DC AC MkW Hz
Less Than 1/2 Hour Battery Power Remains
Diode Test
Calibration Corrupted Diode Test
Overload, Out of Limits. (Placement of Decimal Point Varies According to Range.)
aam10f.eps
Figure 3-2. Display Annunciators
45
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
UNCAL mA
mV DC AC Mk Hz
aam11f.eps
Figure 3-3. Secondary Display
If the secondary display has been turned on, press a function button (white) to select a measurement function for the secondary display. The reading in the primary display will not be affected. When the secondary display is active, pressing any function button turns off the secondary display and selects that function on the primary display. To turn the secondary display off without affecting the primary display, press S twice. Note If you press G, only a diode test voltage reading will be shown in the secondary display; continuity is restricted to the primary display.
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Neither function modifiers (REL, dB, HOLD, and MN MX) nor the manual range mode can be selected in the secondary display. Measurement ranges in the secondary display are always selected through autoranging.
Input Terminals
The input terminals, shown in Figure 3-4, are located on the left of the front panel. The meter is protected against overloads up to the limits shown in Table 3-1. Exceeding these limits poses a hazard to both the meter and operator.
Volts, Ohms, Diode Test Input Terminal Amperes Input Terminal. For Current Measurements up to 10A continuous (or 20A for 30 sec). Milliamperes Input Terminal. For Current Measurements up to 100mA.
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
10A
45
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
10A
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
CAL ENABLE
COM
COM
V
A
REL
dB
2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
FUSED
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
FUSED
Note: Frequency Measurements are Normally taken from the V Input, although the 10A and 100mA Inputs can be used. Common Terminal. Return Terminal for all Measurements.
aam12f.eps
Figure 3-4. Input Terminals
3-4
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting a Measurement Function
3
Table 3-1. Input Limits FUNCTION | { and FREQ INPUT TERMINALS VeG and COM VeG and COM 1000V dc 750V ac rms, 1000V peak, 2 x 10 V-Hz 6 normal mode, or 1 x 10 V-Hz common mode (whichever is less) 300 mA dc or ac rms 10A dc or ac rms (or 20A dc or ac rms for 30 sec. Max) 500V dc or ac rms on all ranges 500V dc or ac rms 1000V dc or peak ac
7
MAXIMUM INPUT
mAD and FREQ \ and FREQ e G All Functions
100 mA and COM 10A and COM
VeG and COM VeG and COM Any terminal to earth
Selecting a Measurement Function
Press a function button (white), shown in Figure 3-5, to select a measurement function To select ac + dc total rms readings, press Z and Y, or D and C, simultaneously. When you select a function, annunciators turn on to indicate the function selected. If a reading is shown on the secondary display when a function button is pressed, the secondary display will be turned off. Ranges and full scale values are summarized in Table 3-2 for voltage, Table 3-3 for current, Table 3-4 for ohms, and Table 3-5 for frequency.
Ranging (E, U, T)
Ranging operations are performed using the E, U, and T buttons (see Figure 3-6).
Autoranging When you are in the autorange mode, the AUTO annunciator is lit. In autorange, the meter automatically selects the next higher range when a reading is greater than full scale. If no higher range is available, "OL" (overload) is displayed on the primary or secondary display. The meter automatically selects a lower range when a reading is less than approximately 9 % of full scale.
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Users Manual
Volts DC
Amps DC
Resistance Diode Test/Continuity
V
A
V
A
FREQ
FUNCTION BUTTONS: -Press to Select the Function Designated
Volts AC Amps AC
45
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
Frequency
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
10A
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
CAL ENABLE
COM
V
A
REL
dB
2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
FUSED
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
aam13f.eps
Figure 3-5. Function Selection Buttons
Table 3-2. Voltage Ranges and Full Scale Values Fast Reading Rate Range 300 mV 3V 30 V 300 V 1000 V* * 750V for volts ac Full Scale 300.0 mV 3.000 V 30.00 V 300.0 V 1000 V* Medium Reading Rate Range 300 mV 3V 30 V 300 V 1000 V* Full Scale 300.00 mV 3.0000 V 30.000 V 300.00 V 1000.0 V* Slow Reading Rate Range 100 mV 1000 mV 10 V 100 V 1000 V* Full Scale 99.999 mV 999.99 mV 9.9999 V 99.999 V 999.99 V*
3-6
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Ranging
3
Table 3-3. Current Ranges and Full Scale Values Fast Reading Rate Range 30 mA 100 mA 10 A Full Scale 30.00 mA 100.0 mA 10.00 A* Medium Reading Rate Range 30 mA 100 mA 10 A Full Scale 30.000 mA 100.00 mA 10.000 A* Slow Reading Rate Range 10 mA 100 mA 10 A Full Scale 9.9999 mA 99.999 mA 9.9999 A
* 20 A for maximum of 30 seconds Table 3-4. Ohms Ranges and Full Scale Values Fast Reading Rate Range 300 3 k 30 k 300 k 3 M 30 M 300 M Full Scale 300.0 3.000 k 30.00 k 300.0 k 3.000 M 30.00 M 300 M Medium Reading Rate Range 300 3 k 30 k 300 k 3 M 30 M 300 M Full Scale 300.00 3.0000 k 30.000 k 300.00k 3.0000 M 30.000 M 300.0 M Slow Reading Rate Range 100 1000 10 k 100 k 1000 k 10 M 100 M Full Scale* 98.000 980.00 9.8000 k 98.000 k 980.00 k 9.8000 M 98.0 M**
*Typical ** Because of the method used to measure resistance, the 100 M (slow) and 300 M (medium and fast) ranges cannot measure below 3.125 M and 20 M respectively. "UL" (Underload) is shown on the display for resistances below these nominal points, and the computer interface outputs "+1 E-9". Table 3-5. Frequency Ranges and Full Scale Values (Slow and Medium*) Range 1000 Hz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1000 kHz 1 MHz * Fast (F) reading rate has one digit of resolution less. Full Scale 999.99 Hz 9.9999 kHz 99 999 kHz 999.99 kHz 9.9999 MHz
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Users Manual
Press to Toggle In and Out of Manual Ranging. "AUTO" Annunciator Turns off when Manual Range Selected. Press to Enter Manual Range and Up Range Press to Enter Manual Range and Down Range
AUTO
45
V
600V CAT I 1000V CAT I
DUAL DISPLAY MULTIMETER
10A
! 100 mA FUSE F1 500 mA F 250V
CAL ENABLE
COM
V
A
REL
dB
2ND
REF# V A FREQ AUTO COMP HI LO
HOLD
REF
MN MX
LOCAL
RATE
FUSED
THRESH POWER
ADDR
BAUD
aam14f.eps
Figure 3-6. Range Selection Buttons
Manual Ranging Press E to toggle in and out of manual ranging. The range you are in when you enter the manual range mode becomes the selected range. In manual range, the meter remains in the selected range regardless of input. Press E to toggle back to autoranging. Manual ranging can only be performed on readings shown on the primary display; the secondary display always autoranges. Press U to up range. If the U is pressed when the meter is still in autorange, manual ranging is selected, the AUTO annunciator turns off, and the next higher range is selected (if there is one). Press T to down range. If the T is pressed when the meter is still in autorange, manual ranging is selected, the AUTO annunciator turns off, and the next lower range is selected (if there is one).
Measuring Frequency (F)
Frequency Ranging Frequency measurements from 5 Hz to > 1 MHz are automatically ranged so that a frequency measurement is always displayed with maximum resolution. If the frequency function (FREQ) is selected in the primary display, press the Uor T to manually select a range. (Manual ranging is not allowed in the secondary display.) If you select a frequency range manually, frequency measurements that exceed the full scale value of that range cause "OL" (overload) to be displayed. Refer to Table 3-5 for frequency ranges and full scale values.
3-8
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Measuring Frequency
3
Frequency Measurement Rates The rate at which frequency measurements are taken is a factor of the frequency being measured (see Table 3-6). When the frequency function has been selected, pressing R has no effect on the frequency update rate.
Table 3-6. Frequency Measurement Rates Frequency @ > 150 Hz @ 100 Hz @ 60 Hz @ 15 Hz @10Hz @5Hz Reading Rate 1.8/sec 1.6/sec 1.3/sec 1/1.2sec 1/1.7sec 1/3.2 sec
Measuring Frequency of Current (100 mA and 10A) Inputs Frequency measurements are always taken using the ac input circuitry of the meter. Normally, measurements are taken on the Xinput terminal. However, frequency measurements can also be taken on current inputs. If frequency is to be measured using a current input, ac current must be selected in the primary display and frequency must be selected in the secondary display. When the ac current function in a mA range is selected in the primary display and frequency is selected as the secondary display function, the frequency of the current at the 100 mA terminal will be measured. Similarly, when the ac current function in the 10 A range is selected for the primary display and frequency is selected in the secondary display, the frequency of the current at the 10 A input terminal is measured. Frequency Sensitivity Selection Before a frequency measurement is started, the amplitude of the input signal is sampled and the optimum ac range is selected automatically. For most applications, therefore, the user need not be concerned with setting the measurement sensitivity for stable frequency readings. However, if necessary, measurement sensitivity can be selected manually. To do so, use the dual display as described in the following procedure: 1. Power-up the meter and press Zor D to select an ac voltage or current function in the primary display. 2. Press E ,U, or T to manually select an ac measurement range. 3. Press S then press F to select the frequency function in the secondary display. All frequency measurements on the secondary display will be taken on the selected ac range. The maximum input voltage that may be applied on any ac measurement range for reliable frequency measurements is listed in Table 3-7. The minimum signal for a stable frequency measurement varies depending on the frequency and waveform being measured.
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Table 3-7. Maximum Sinewave Inputs for Frequency Measurements Range 300 mV 3V 30 V 300 V 750 V Maximim Input Voltage 1 V rms 6 V rms 60 V rms 750 V rms 750 V rms
The input signal sensitivity is listed under the frequency specifications in Appendix A. These values are based on sine waveforms. The signal level must be increased for lower crest factor inputs (the crest factor is the ratio of the peak voltage to the ac rms voltage of the waveform). If the input signal is below the required level, the frequency will be displayed as zero. If the measurements are unstable, the input signal may be near the threshold level.
Selecting A Function Modifier (K, I, H, J)
Selecting a function modifier (see Figure 3-7) causes the meter to perform an action on an input (e.g., convert to decibels or compare to another value) before a reading is displayed. Function modifiers can be used in combination. (See "Using Function Modifiers in Combination," later in Chapter 3.) To use a function modifier, press a function button to select a primary function, then press a function modifier button (or buttons). Modified readings are shown only on the primary display. After a function modifier has been selected, pressing any (white) function button turns off all modifiers, causes the secondary display to go blank, and returns unmodified readings to the primary display.
3-10
Operating the Meter From the Front Panel Selecting A Function Modifier
3
-Press to Toggle In and Out of Relative Modifier -Pre