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19-0266; Rev 5; 2/04
KIT ATION EVALU E AILABL AV
High-Frequency Waveform Generator
____________________________Features
o 0.1Hz to 20MHz Operating Frequency Range o Triangle, Sawtooth, Sine, Square, and Pulse Waveforms o Independent Frequency and Duty-Cycle Adjustments o 350 to 1 Frequency Sweep Range o 15% to 85% Variable Duty Cycle o Low-Impedance Output Buffer: 0.1 o Low 200ppm/°C Temperature Drift
________________General Description
The MAX038 is a high-frequency, precision function generator producing accurate, high-frequency triangle, sawtooth, sine, square, and pulse waveforms with a minimum of external components. The output frequency can be controlled over a frequency range of 0.1Hz to 20MHz by an internal 2.5V bandgap voltage reference and an external resistor and capacitor. The duty cycle can be varied over a wide range by applying a ±2.3V control signal, facilitating pulse-width modulation and the generation of sawtooth waveforms. Frequency modulation and frequency sweeping are achieved in the same way. The duty cycle and frequency controls are independent. Sine, square, or triangle waveforms can be selected at the output by setting the appropriate code at two TTL-compatible select pins. The output signal for all waveforms is a 2VP-P signal that is symmetrical around ground. The low-impedance output can drive up to ±20mA. The TTL-compatible SYNC output from the internal oscillator maintains a 50% duty cycle--regardless of the duty cycle of the other waveforms--to synchronize other devices in the system. The internal oscillator can be synchronized to an external TTL clock connected to PDI.
MAX038
_______________Ordering Information
PART MAX038CPP MAX038CWP MAX038C/D* MAX038EPP* MAX038EWP* TEMP RANGE 0°C to +70°C 0°C to +70°C 0°C to +70°C -40°C to +85°C -40°C to +85°C PIN-PACKAGE 20 Plastic DIP 20 SO Dice 20 Plastic DIP 20 SO
*Contact factory prior to design.
________________________Applications
Precision Function Generators Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Frequency Modulators Pulse-Width Modulators Phase-Locked Loops Frequency Synthesizer FSK Generator--Sine and Square Waves
___________________Pin Configuration
TOP VIEW
REF 1 GND 2 A0 3 A1 4 COSC 5 GND 6 DADJ 7 FADJ 8 GND 9 IIN 10 20 V19 OUT 18 GND
MAX038
17 V+ 16 DV+ 15 DGND 14 SYNC 13 PDI 12 PDO 11 GND
DIP/SO
________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products
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For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim's website at www.maxim-ic.com.
High-Frequency Waveform Generator MAX038
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
V+ to GND ................................................................-0.3V to +6V DV+ to DGND...........................................................-0.3V to +6V V- to GND .................................................................+0.3V to -6V Pin Voltages IIN, FADJ, DADJ, PDO .....................(V- - 0.3V) to (V+ + 0.3V) COSC .....................................................................+0.3V to VA0, A1, PDI, SYNC, REF.........................................-0.3V to V+ GND to DGND ................................................................±0.3V Maximum Current into Any Pin .........................................±50mA OUT, REF Short-Circuit Duration to GND, V+, V- ...................30s Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C) Plastic DIP (derate 11.11mW/°C above +70°C) ..........889mW SO (derate 10.00mW/°C above +70°C) .......................800mW CERDIP (derate 11.11mW/°C above +70°C) ...............889mW Operating Temperature Ranges MAX038C_ _ .......................................................0°C to +70°C MAX038E_ _ ....................................................-40°C to +85°C Maximum Junction Temperature .....................................+150°C Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Stresses beyond those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Circuit of Figure 1, GND = DGND = 0V, V+ = DV+ = 5V, V- = -5V, V DADJ = V FADJ = V PDI = V PDO = 0V, C F = 100pF, RIN = 25k, RL = 1k, CL = 20pF, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS Maximum Operating Frequency Frequency Programming Current IIN Offset Voltage Frequency Temperature Coefficient Fo IIN VIN Fo/°C VFADJ = 0V VFADJ = 0V VFADJ = -3V CONDITIONS CF 15pF, IIN = 500µA MIN 20.0 2.50 1.25 ±1.0 600 200 ±0.4 ±0.2 ±2.00 %/V ±1.00 TYP 40.0 750 375 ±2.0 MAX UNITS MHz µA mV ppm/°C
Fo/°C VFADJ = -3V (Fo/Fo) V- = -5V, V+ = 4.75V to 5.25V V+ Frequency Power-Supply Rejection (Fo/Fo) V+ = 5V, V- = -4.75V to -5.25V VOUTPUT AMPLIFIER (applies to all waveforms) Output Peak-to-Peak Symmetry Output Resistance Output Short-Circuit Current Amplitude Rise Time Fall Time Duty Cycle Amplitude Nonlinearity Duty Cycle SINE-WAVE OUTPUT (RL = 100) Amplitude
Total Harmonic Distortion
VOUT ROUT IOUT VOUT tR tF dc VOUT FO = 100kHz, 5% to 95% dc VOUT THD CF = 1000pF, FO = 100kHz VDADJ = 0V (Note 1) 47 1.9 10% to 90% 90% to 10% VDADJ = 0V, dc = tON/t x 100% 47 1.9 Short circuit to GND 1.9
±4 0.1 40 2.0 12 12 50 2.0 0.5 50 2.0
2.0
mV 0.2 mA 2.1 VP-P ns ns 53 2.1 53 2.1 % VP-P % % VP-P %
SQUARE-WAVE OUTPUT (RL = 100)
TRIANGLE-WAVE OUTPUT (RL = 100)
2
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, GND = DGND = 0V, V+ = DV+ = 5V, V- = -5V, V DADJ = V FADJ = V PDI = V PDO = 0V, C F = 100pF, RIN = 25k, RL = 1k, CL = 20pF, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL SYNC OUTPUT Output Low Voltage VOL Output High Voltage VOH Rise Time tR Fall Time tF Duty Cycle dcSYNC DUTY-CYCLE ADJUSTMENT (DADJ) DADJ Input Current IDADJ DADJ Voltage Range VDADJ Duty-Cycle Adjustment Range dc DADJ Nonlinearity dc/VFADJ Change in Output Frequency Fo/VDADJ with DADJ Maximum DADJ Modulating FDC Frequency FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENT (FADJ) FADJ Input Current IFADJ FADJ Voltage Range VFADJ Frequency Sweep Range Fo FM Nonlinearity with FADJ Fo/VFADJ Change in Duty Cycle with FADJ dc/VFADJ Maximum FADJ Modulating FF Frequency VOLTAGE REFERENCE Output Voltage Temperature Coefficient Load Regulation Line Regulation LOGIC INPUTS (A0, A1, PDI) Input Low Voltage Input High Voltage Input Current (A0, A1) Input Current (PDI) POWER SUPPLY Positive Supply Voltage SYNC Supply Voltage Negative Supply Voltage Positive Supply Current SYNC Supply Current Negative Supply Current V+ DV+ VI+ IDV+ I4.75 4.75 -4.75 35 1 45 5.25 5.25 -5.25 45 2 55 V V V mA mA mA VIL VIH IIL, IIH IIL, IIH VA0, VA1 = VIL, VIH VPDI = VIL, VIH 2.4 ±5 ±25 0.8 V V µA µA VREF VREF/°C VREF/IREF VREF/V+ 0mA IREF 4mA (source) -100µA IREF 0µA (sink) 4.75V V+ 5.25V (Note 2) CONDITIONS ISINK = 3.2mA ISOURCE = 400µA 10% to 90%, RL = 3k, CL = 15pF 90% to 10%, RL = 3k, CL = 15pF MIN TYP 0.3 3.5 10 10 50 250 ±2.3 2 ±2.5 2 MAX 0.4 UNITS V V ns ns % µA V % % % MHz
MAX038
2.8
190 -2.3V VDADJ +2.3V -2V VDADJ +2V -2V VDADJ +2V 15
320 85 4 ±8
190 -2.4V VFADJ +2.4V -2V VFADJ +2V -2V VFADJ +2V
250 ±2.4 ±70 ±0.2 ±2 2
320
µA V % % % MHz
IREF = 0
2.48
2.50 20 1 1 1
2.52 2 4 2
V ppm/°C mV/mA mV/V
Note 1: Guaranteed by duty-cycle test on square wave. Note 2: VREF is independent of V-. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
High-Frequency Waveform Generator MAX038
__________________________________________Typical Operating Characteristics
(Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = DV+ = 5V, V- = -5V, VDADJ = VFADJ = VPDI = VPDO = 0V, RL = 1k, CL = 20pF, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
OUTPUT FREQUENCY vs. IIN CURRENT
MAX038-08
NORMALIZED OUTPUT FREQUENCY vs. FADJ VOLTAGE
1.8 33pF FOUT NORMALIZED 100pF 330pF 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -3 -2 -1 0 VFADJ (V) 1 2 3 IIN = 100µA, COSC = 1000pF
MAX038-09
100M
2.0
10M
1M OUTPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 3.3nF 100k 33nF 10k 100nF
1k
1µF 3.3µF
100
10µF 47µF 100µF DUTY CYCLE (%)
DUTY CYCLE vs. DADJ VOLTAGE
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -3 -2 -1 0 DADJ (V) 1 2 3 IIN = 200µA
MAX038-16B
100
10
1
0.1 1 10 100 1000 IIN CURRENT (µA)
NORMALIZED OUTPUT FREQUENCY vs. DADJ VOLTAGE
MAX038-17
DUTY-CYCLE LINEARITY vs. DADJ VOLTAGE
DUTY-CYCLE LINEARITY ERROR (%) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -2.0 IIN = 50µA IIN = 25µA IIN = 10µA -1.0 0 1.0 1.5 2.5 DADJ (V) IIN = 100µA IIN = 250µA IIN = 500µA
MAX038-18
1.10 NORMALIZED OUTPUT FREQUENCY IIN = 10µA 1.05 IIN = 25µA IIN = 50µA 1.00
2.0
0.95
IIN = 100µA IIN = 250µA
0.90 IIN = 500µA 0.85 DADJ (V)
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator
_____________________________Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = DV+ = 5V, V- = -5V, VDADJ = VFADJ = VPDI = VPDO = 0V, RL = 1k, CL = 20pF, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
SINE WAVE THD vs. FREQUENCY
6 5 THD (%) 4 3 2 1 0 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M FREQUENCY (Hz)
MAX038 toc01
MAX038
SINE-WAVE OUTPUT (50Hz)
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TOP: OUTPUT 50Hz = Fo BOTTOM: SYNC IIN = 50µA CF = 1µF
SINE-WAVE OUTPUT (20MHz)
TRIANGLE-WAVE OUTPUT (50Hz)
IIN = 400µA CF = 20pF
TOP: OUTPUT 50Hz = Fo BOTTOM: SYNC IIN = 50µA CF = 1µF
TRIANGLE-WAVE OUTPUT (20MHz)
SQUARE-WAVE OUTPUT (50Hz)
IIN = 400µA CF = 20pF
TOP: OUTPUT 50Hz = Fo BOTTOM: SYNC IIN = 50µA CF = 1µF
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator MAX038
_____________________________Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = DV+ = 5V, V- = -5V, VDADJ = VFADJ = VPDI = VPDO = 0V, RL = 1k, CL = 20pF, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) SQUARE-WAVE OUTPUT (20MHz) FREQUENCY MODULATION USING FADJ
0.5V 0V -0.5V IIN = 400µA CF = 20pF TOP: OUTPUT BOTTOM: FADJ
FREQUENCY MODULATION USING IIN
FREQUENCY MODULATION USING IIN
TOP: OUTPUT BOTTOM: IIN
TOP: OUTPUT BOTTOM: IIN
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION USING DADJ
+1V 0V -1V
+2V 0V -2V
TOP: SQUARE-WAVE OUT, 2VP-P BOTTOM: VDADJ, -2V to +2.3V
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator
_____________________________Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = DV+ = 5V, V- = -5V, VDADJ = VFADJ = VPDI = VPDO = 0V, RL = 1k, CL = 20pF, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
OUTPUT SPECTRUM, SINE WAVE (Fo = 11.5MHz)
MAX038-12A
MAX038
OUTPUT SPECTRUM, SINE WAVE (Fo = 5.9kHz)
-10 -20 ATTENUATION (dB) -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 RIN = 51k (VIN = 2.5V), CF = 0.01µF, VDADJ = 50mV, VFADJ = 0V
MAX038 12B
0 -10 -20 ATTENUATION (dB) -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 0
RIN = 15k (VIN = 2.5V), CF = 20pF, VDADJ = 40mV, VFADJ = -3V
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 FREQUENCY (MHz)
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 FREQUENCY (kHz)
______________________________________________________________Pin Description
PIN 1 2, 6, 9, 11, 18 3 4 5 7 8 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 NAME REF GND A0 A1 COSC DADJ FADJ IIN PDO PDI SYNC DGND DV+ V+ OUT V2.50V bandgap voltage reference output Ground* Waveform selection input; TTL/CMOS compatible Waveform selection input; TTL/CMOS compatible External capacitor connection Duty-cycle adjust input Frequency adjust input Current input for frequency control Phase detector output. Connect to GND if phase detector is not used. Phase detector reference clock input. Connect to GND if phase detector is not used. TTL/CMOS-compatible output, referenced between DGND and DV+. Permits the internal oscillator to be synchronized with an external signal. Leave open if unused. Digital ground Digital +5V supply input. Can be left open if SYNC is not used. +5V supply input Sine, square, or triangle output -5V supply input FUNCTION
*The five GND pins are not internally connected. Connect all five GND pins to a quiet ground close to the device. A ground plane is recommended (see Layout Considerations).
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator MAX038
3 5 CF 6 COSC OSCILLATOR GND TRIANGLE OSC A OSC B SINE SHAPER SINE A0
4 A1
TRIANGLE SQUARE 8 7 FADJ DADJ IIN OSCILLATOR CURRENT GENERATOR
OUT MUX
19
RL COMPARATOR
CL
10
MAX038
RF RD RIN -250µA SYNC 14
COMPARATOR 1 REF 2.5V VOLTAGE REFERENCE
*
+5V -5V
17 20 2, 9, 11, 18
V+ VGND
PDO PHASE DETECTOR PDI
12 13
DGND 15
DV+ 16
= SIGNAL DIRECTION, NOT POLARITY
*
+5V
*
= BYPASS CAPACITORS ARE 1µF CERAMIC OR 1µF ELECTROLYTIC IN PARALLEL WITH 1nF CERAMIC.
Figure 1. Block Diagram and Basic Operating Circuit
_______________Detailed Description
The MAX038 is a high-frequency function generator that produces low-distortion sine, triangle, sawtooth, or square (pulse) waveforms at frequencies from less than 1Hz to 20MHz or more, using a minimum of external components. Frequency and duty cycle can be independently controlled by programming the current, voltage, or resistance. The desired output waveform is selected under logic control by setting the appropriate code at the A0 and A1 inputs. A SYNC output and phase detector are included to simplify designs requiring tracking to an external signal source. The MAX038 operates with ±5V ±5% power supplies. The basic oscillator is a relaxation type that operates by alternately charging and discharging a capacitor, CF,
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with constant currents, simultaneously producing a triangle wave and a square wave (Figure 1). The charging and discharging currents are controlled by the current flowing into IIN, and are modulated by the voltages applied to FADJ and DADJ. The current into IIN can be varied from 2µA to 750µA, producing more than two decades of frequency for any value of CF. Applying ±2.4V to FADJ changes the nominal frequency (with VFADJ = 0V) by ±70%; this procedure can be used for fine control. Duty cycle (the percentage of time that the output waveform is positive) can be controlled from 10% to 90% by applying ±2.3V to DADJ. This voltage changes the CF charging and discharging current ratio while maintaining nearly constant frequency.
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator
A stable 2.5V reference voltage, REF, allows simple determination of IIN, FADJ, or DADJ with fixed resistors, and permits adjustable operation when potentiometers are connected from each of these inputs to REF. FADJ and/or DADJ can be grounded, producing the nominal frequency with a 50% duty cycle. The output frequency is inversely proportional to capacitor CF. CF values can be selected to produce frequencies above 20MHz. A sine-shaping circuit converts the oscillator triangle wave into a low-distortion sine wave with constant amplitude. The triangle, square, and sine waves are input to a multiplexer. Two address lines, A0 and A1, control which of the three waveforms is selected. The output amplifier produces a constant 2VP-P amplitude (±1V), regardless of wave shape or frequency. The triangle wave is also sent to a comparator that produces a high-speed square-wave SYNC waveform that can be used to synchronize other oscillators. The SYNC circuit has separate power-supply leads and can be disabled. Two other phase-quadrature square waves are generated in the basic oscillator and sent to one side of an "exclusive-OR" phase detector. The other side of the phase-detector input (PDI) can be connected to an external oscillator. The phase-detector output (PDO) is a current source that can be connected directly to FADJ to synchronize the MAX038 with the external oscillator. VFADJ = 0V, the fundamental output frequency (Fo) is given by the formula: Fo (MHz) = IIN (µA) ÷ CF (pF) [1] The period (to) is: to (µs) = CF (pF) ÷ IIN (µA) [2] where: IIN = current injected into IIN (between 2µA and 750µA) CF = capacitance connected to COSC and GND (20pF to >100µF). For example: 0.5MHz = 100µA ÷ 200pF and 2µs = 200pF ÷ 100µA Optimum performance is achieved with IIN between 10µA and 400µA, although linearity is good with I IN between 2µA and 750µA. Current levels outside of this range are not recommended. For fixed-frequency operation, set IIN to approximately 100µA and select a suitable capacitor value. This current produces the lowest temperature coefficient, and produces the lowest frequency shift when varying the duty cycle. The capacitance can range from 20pF to more than 100µF, but stray circuit capacitance must be minimized by using short traces. Surround the COSC pin and the trace leading to it with a ground plane to minimize coupling of extraneous signals to this node. Oscillation above 20MHz is possible, but waveform distortion increases under these conditions. The low frequency limit is set by the leakage of the COSC capacitor and by the required accuracy of the output frequency. Lowest frequency operation with good accuracy is usually achieved with 10µF or greater non-polarized capacitors. An internal closed-loop amplifier forces IIN to virtual ground, with an input offset voltage less than ±2mV. IIN may be driven with either a current source (IIN), or a voltage (VIN) in series with a resistor (RIN). (A resistor between REF and IIN provides a convenient method of generating IIN: IIN = VREF/RIN.) When using a voltage in series with a resistor, the formula for the oscillator frequency is: Fo (MHz) = VIN ÷ [RIN x CF (pF)] [3] and: to (µs) = CF (pF) x RIN ÷ VIN [4]
MAX038
Waveform Selection
The MAX038 can produce either sine, square, or triangle waveforms. The TTL/CMOS-logic address pins (A0 and A1) set the waveform, as shown below: A0 X 0 1 X = Don't care. Waveform switching can be done at any time, without regard to the phase of the output. Switching occurs within 0.3µs, but there may be a small transient in the output waveform that lasts 0.5µs. A1 1 0 0 WAVEFORM Sine wave Square wave Triangle wave
Waveform Timing
Output Frequency The output frequency is determined by the current injected into the IIN pin, the COSC capacitance (to ground), and the voltage on the FADJ pin. When
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9
High-Frequency Waveform Generator
When the MAX038's frequency is controlled by a voltage source (VIN) in series with a fixed resistor (RIN), the output frequency is a direct function of VIN as shown in the above equations. Varying VIN modulates the oscillator frequency. For example, using a 10k resistor for RIN and sweeping VIN from 20mV to 7.5V produces large frequency deviations (up to 375:1). Select RIN so that IIN stays within the 2µA to 750µA range. The bandwidth of the IIN control amplifier, which limits the modulating signal's highest frequency, is typically 2MHz. IIN can be used as a summing point to add or subtract currents from several sources. This allows the output frequency to be a function of the sum of several variables. As VIN approaches 0V, the IIN error increases due to the offset voltage of IIN. Output frequency will be offset 1% from its final value for 10 seconds after power-up.
MAX038
to = period when VFADJ = 0V. Conversely, if VFADJ is known, the frequency is given by: Fx = Fo x (1 - [0.2915 x VFADJ]) [8] and the period (tx) is: tx = to ÷ (1 - [0.2915 x VFADJ]) [9]
FADJ Input The output frequency can be modulated by FADJ, which is intended principally for fine frequency control, usually inside phase-locked loops. Once the fundamental, or center frequency (Fo) is set by IIN, it may be changed further by setting FADJ to a voltage other than 0V. This voltage can vary from -2.4V to +2.4V, causing the output frequency to vary from 1.7 to 0.30 times the value when FADJ is 0V (Fo ±70%). Voltages beyond ±2.4V can cause instability or cause the frequency change to reverse slope. The voltage on FADJ required to cause the output to deviate from Fo by Dx (expressed in %) is given by the formula:
VFADJ = -0.0343 x Dx [5] where V FADJ , the voltage on FADJ, is between -2.4V and +2.4V. Note: While IIN is directly proportional to the fundamental, or center frequency (Fo), VFADJ is linearly related to % deviation from Fo. VFADJ goes to either side of 0V, corresponding to plus and minus deviation. The voltage on FADJ for any frequency is given by the formula: VFADJ = (Fo - Fx) ÷ (0.2915 x Fo) [6] where: Fx = output frequency Fo = frequency when VFADJ = 0V. Likewise, for period calculations: VFADJ = 3.43 x (tx - to) ÷ tx [7] where: tx = output period
10
Programming FADJ FADJ has a 250µA constant current sink to V- that must be furnished by the voltage source. The source is usually an op-amp output, and the temperature coefficient of the current sink becomes unimportant. For manual adjustment of the deviation, a variable resistor can be used to set VFADJ, but then the 250µA current sink's temperature coefficient becomes significant. Since external resistors cannot match the internal temperature-coefficient curve, using external resistors to program V FADJ is intended only for manual operation, when the operator can correct for any errors. This restriction does not apply when VFADJ is a true voltage source.
A variable resistor, RF, connected between REF (+2.5V) and FADJ provides a convenient means of manually setting the frequency deviation. The resistance value (RF) is: RF = (VREF - VFADJ) ÷ 250µA [10] VREF and VFADJ are signed numbers, so use correct algebraic convention. For example, if V FADJ is -2.0V (+58.3% deviation), the formula becomes: RF = (+2.5V - (-2.0V)) ÷ 250µA = (4.5V) ÷ 250µA = 18k
Disabling FADJ The FADJ circuit adds a small temperature coefficient to the output frequency. For critical open-loop applications, it can be turned off by connecting FADJ to GND (not REF) through a 12k resistor (R1 in Figure 2). The -250µA current sink at FADJ causes -3V to be developed across this resistor, producing two results. First, the FADJ circuit remains in its linear region, but disconnects itself from the main oscillator, improving temperature stability. Second, the oscillator frequency doubles. If FADJ is turned off in this manner, be sure to correct equations 1-4 and 6-9 above, and 12 and 14 below by doubling Fo or halving to. Although this method doubles the normal output frequency, it does not double the upper frequency limit. Do not operate FADJ open circuit or with voltages more negative than -3.5V. Doing so may cause transistor saturation inside the IC, leading to unwanted changes in frequency and duty cycle.
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator MAX038
5V +5V
PRECISION DUTY-CYCLE ADJUSTMENT CIRCUIT
2.5V 3 C2 1µF R4 100k R3 +2.5V 100k REF
FREQUENCY C1 1µF RIN 20k C3 1nF
20 1 REF V-
17
4 V+ A1 AO
7
DADJ
MAX038
OUT DV+ DGND SYNC PDI 19
10 8 R1 12k
R2 50 SINE-WAVE OUTPUT N.C. N.C. Fo = 2 x 2.5V RIN x CF R6 5k R7 100k R5 100k
MAX038
IIN FADJ
16 15 14 13 12
5
COSC
PDO
DADJ
CF
GND GND GND GND GND 6 2 9 11 18
ADJUST R6 FOR MINIMUM SINE-WAVE DISTORTION
Figure 2. Operating Circuit with Sine-Wave Output and 50% Duty Cycle; SYNC and FADJ Disabled
With FADJ disabled, the output frequency can still be changed by modulating IIN.
Swept Frequency Operation The output frequency can be swept by applying a varying signal to IIN or FADJ. IIN has a wider range, slightly slower response, lower temperature coefficient, and requires a single polarity current source. FADJ may be used when the swept range is less than ±70% of the center frequency, and it is suitable for phase-locked loops and other low-deviation, high-accuracy closedloop controls. It uses a sweeping voltage symmetrical about ground. Connecting a resistive network between REF, the voltage source, and FADJ or IIN is a convenient means of offsetting the sweep voltage. Duty Cycle The voltage on DADJ controls the waveform duty cycle (defined as the percentage of time that the output waveform is positive). Normally, VDADJ = 0V, and the duty cycle is 50% (Figure 2). Varying this voltage from +2.3V to -2.3V causes the output duty cycle to vary from 15% to 85%, about -15% per volt. Voltages beyond ±2.3V can shift the output frequency and/or cause instability.
DADJ can be used to reduce the sine-wave distortion. The unadjusted duty cycle (VDADJ = 0V) is 50% ±2%; any deviation from exactly 50% causes even order harmonics to be generated. By applying a small adjustable voltage (typically less than ±100mV) to VDADJ, exact symmetry can be attained and the distortion can be minimized (see Figure 2). The voltage on DADJ needed to produce a specific duty cycle is given by the formula: VDADJ = (50% - dc) x 0.0575 [11] or: VDADJ = (0.5 - [tON ÷ to]) x 5.75 [12] where: VDADJ = DADJ voltage (observe the polarity) dc = duty cycle (in %) tON = ON (positive) time to = waveform period. Conversely, if VDADJ is known, the duty cycle and ON time are given by: dc = 50% - (VDADJ x 17.4) [13] tON = to x (0.5 - [VDADJ x 0.174]) [14]
11
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator
Programming DADJ DADJ is similar to FADJ; it has a 250µA constant current sink to V- that must be furnished by the voltage source. The source is usually an op-amp output, and the temperature coefficient of the current sink becomes unimportant. For manual adjustment of the duty cycle, a variable resistor can be used to set VDADJ, but then the 250µA current sink's temperature coefficient becomes significant. Since external resistors cannot match the internal temperature-coefficient curve, using external resistors to program VDADJ is intended only for manual operation, when the operator can correct for any errors. This restriction does not apply when VDADJ is a true voltage source. A variable resistor, R D , connected between REF (+2.5V) and DADJ provides a convenient means of manually setting the duty cycle. The resistance value (RD) is: RD = (VREF - VDADJ) ÷ 250µA [15]
Note that both VREF and VDADJ are signed values, so observe correct algebraic convention. For example, if VDADJ is -1.5V (23% duty cycle), the formula becomes: RD = (+2.5V - (-1.5V)) ÷ 250µA = (4.0V) ÷ 250µA = 16k Varying the duty cycle in the range 15% to 85% has minimal effect on the output frequency--typically less than 2% when 25µA < IIN < 250µA. The DADJ circuit is wideband, and can be modulated at up to 2MHz (see photos, Typical Operating Characteristics). for low temperature coefficient over the whole temperature range. NPO ceramics are usually satisfactory. The voltage on COSC is a triangle wave that varies between 0V and -1V. Polarized capacitors are generally not recommended (because of their outrageous temperature dependence and leakage currents), but if they are used, the negative terminal should be connected to COSC and the positive terminal to GND. Large-value capacitors, necessary for very low frequencies, should be chosen with care, since potentially large leakage currents and high dielectric absorption can interfere with the orderly charge and discharge of CF. If possible, for a given frequency, use lower IIN currents to reduce the size of the capacitor.
MAX038
SYNC Output
SYNC is a TTL/CMOS-compatible output that can be used to synchronize external circuits. The SYNC output is a square wave whose rising edge coincides with the output rising sine or triangle wave as it crosses through 0V. When the square wave is selected, the rising edge of SYNC occurs in the middle of the positive half of the output square wave, effectively 90° ahead of the output. The SYNC duty cycle is fixed at 50% and is independent of the DADJ control. Because SYNC is a very-high-speed TTL output, the high-speed transient currents in DGND and DV+ can radiate energy into the output circuit, causing a narrow spike in the output waveform. (This spike is difficult to see with oscilloscopes having less than 100MHz bandwidth). The inductance and capacitance of IC sockets tend to amplify this effect, so sockets are not recommended when SYNC is on. SYNC is powered from separate ground and supply pins (DGND and DV+), and it can be turned off by making DV+ open circuit. If synchronization of external circuits is not used, turning off SYNC by DV+ opening eliminates the spike.
Output
The output amplitude is fixed at 2V P-P, symmetrical around ground, for all output waveforms. OUT has an output resistance of under 0.1, and can drive ±20mA with up to a 50pF load. Isolate higher output capacitance from OUT with a resistor (typically 50) or buffer amplifier.
Phase Detectors
Internal Phase Detector The MAX038 contains a TTL/CMOS phase detector that can be used in a phase-locked loop (PLL) to synchronize its output to an external signal (Figure 3). The external source is connected to the phase-detector input (PDI) and the phase-detector output is taken from PDO. PDO is the output of an exclusive-OR gate, and produces a rectangular current waveform at the MAX038 output frequency, even with PDI grounded. PDO is normally connected to FADJ and a resistor, RPD, and a capacitor CPD, to GND. RPD sets the gain of the phase detector, while the capacitor attenuates high-frequency components and forms a pole in the phase-locked loop filter.
Reference Voltage
REF is a stable 2.50V bandgap voltage reference capable of sourcing 4mA or sinking 100µA. It is principally used to furnish a stable current to IIN or to bias DADJ and FADJ. It can also be used for other applications external to the MAX038. Bypass REF with 100nF to minimize noise.
Selecting Resistors and Capacitors
The MAX038 produces a stable output frequency over time and temperature, but the capacitor and resistors that determine frequency can degrade performance if they are not carefully chosen. Resistors should be metal film, 1% or better. Capacitors should be chosen
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator
+5V -5V C1 1µF C2 1µF CENTER FREQUENCY 14 1 7 10 8 RPD PDI COSC PDO GND GND GND GND GND DGND 2 6 9 11 18 15 13 12 REF 16 17 20 VA0 A1 DADJ IIN FADJ 3 4
SYNC DV+ V+
RD
MAX038
OUT
19
ROUT 50 RF OUTPUT
charge CPD, so the rate at which VFADJ changes (the loop bandwidth) is inversely proportional to CPD. The phase error (deviation from phase quadrature) depends on the open-loop gain of the PLL and the initial frequency deviation of the oscillator from the external signal source. The oscillator conversion gain (Ko) is: [17] KO = o ÷ VFADJ which, from equation [6] is: KO = 3.43 x o (radians/sec) [18] The loop gain of the PLL system (KV) is: KV = KD x KO [19] where: KD = detector gain KO = oscillator gain. With a loop filter having a response F(s), the open-loop transfer function, T(s), is: T(s) = KD x KO x F(s) ÷ s [20] Using linear feedback analysis techniques, the closedloop transfer characteristic, H(s), can be related to the open-loop transfer function as follows: H(s) = T(s) ÷ [1+ T(s)] [21] The transient performance and the frequency response of the PLL depends on the choice of the filter characteristic, F(s). When the MAX038 internal phase detector is not used, PDI and PDO should be connected to GND.
MAX038
5 CPD CF
EXTERNAL OSC INPUT
Figure 3. Phase-Locked Loop Using Internal Phase Detector
PDO is a rectangular current-pulse train, alternating between 0µA and 500µA. It has a 50% duty cycle when the MAX038 output and PDI are in phase-quadrature (90° out of phase). The duty cycle approaches 100% as the phase difference approaches 180° and conversely, approaches 0% as the phase difference approaches 0°. The gain of the phase detector (KD) can be expressed as: [16] KD = 0.318 x RPD (volts/radian) where RPD = phase-detector gain-setting resistor. When the loop is in lock, the input signals to the phase detector are in approximate phase quadrature, the duty cycle is 50%, and the average current at PDO is 250µA (the current sink of FADJ). This current is divided between FADJ and RPD; 250µA always goes into FADJ and any difference current is developed across RPD, creating VFADJ (both polarities). For example, as the phase difference increases, PDO duty cycle increases, the average current increases, and the voltage on RPD (and V FADJ ) becomes more positive. This in turn decreases the oscillator frequency, reducing the phase difference, thus maintaining phase lock. The higher RPD is, the greater VFADJ is for a given phase difference; in other words, the greater the loop gain, the less the capture range. The current from PDO must also
External Phase Detectors External phase detectors may be used instead of the internal phase detector. The external phase detector shown in Figure 4 duplicates the action of the MAX038's internal phase detector, but the optional ÷N circuit can be placed between the SYNC output and the phase detector in applications requiring synchronizing to an exact multiple of the external oscillator. The resistor network consisting of R4, R5, and R6 sets the sync range, while capacitor C4 sets the capture range. Note that this type of phase detector (with or without the ÷N circuit) locks onto harmonics of the external oscillator as well as the fundamental. With no external oscillator input, this circuit can be unpredictable, depending on the state of the external input DC level. Figure 4 shows a frequency phase detector that locks onto only the fundamental of the external oscillator. With no external oscillator input, the output of the frequency phase detector is a positive DC voltage, and the oscillations are at the lowest frequency as set by R4, R5, and R6.
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High-Frequency Waveform Generator MAX038
+5V
-5V
C1 1µF C2 1µF
÷N CENTER FREQUENCY 14 1 REF 16 17 20 VA0 A1 SYNC DV+ V+
3 4
R2 CW R3 PHASE DETECTOR R4 R5 OFFSET -5V C4 C3 CAPTURE FREQUENCY R6 GAIN 5 COSC 7 10 8 DADJ IIN FADJ
MAX038
OUT 19
R1 50
RF OUTPUT
EXTERNAL OSC INPUT
PDI PDO GND GND GND GND GND DGND 2 6 9 11 18 15
13 12
Figure 4. Phase-Locked Loop Using External Phase Detector
+5V
-5V
C1 1µF C2 1µF
÷N CENTER FREQUENCY 14 1 REF 16 17 20 VA0 A1 SYNC DV+ V+
3 4
R2 CW FREQUENCY PHASE DETECTOR R4 R5 OFFSET -5V C4 C3 CAPTURE FREQUENCY R6 GAIN 5 COSC R3 7 10 8 DADJ IIN FADJ
MAX038
OUT 19
R1 50 RF OUTPUT
EXTERNAL OSC INPUT
PDI PDO GND GND GND GND GND DGND 2 6 9 11 18 15
13 12
Figure 5. Phase-Locked Loop Using External Frequency Phase Detector
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512kHz 1.024MHz 2.048MHz 4.096MHz 8.192MHz 1k 1k 1N914 6 8 9 1
1kHz 2kHz 4kHz 8kHz 16kHz 32kHz 64kHz 128kHz 256kHz
MAX412
2N3906 3 5 2N3904 4 1
7
OUT2
OUT1
BIT6
BIT5
BIT4
BIT3
BIT2
BIT1
GND
MX7541
MAX412
2 0V TO 2.5V 3.33k 2µA to 750µA 18 RFB VREF
VDD
BIT10
BIT11
BIT12
BIT7 10 2.7M WAVEFORM SELECT 1 20 VREF GND1 OUT GND A0 14 A1 35 pF COSC GND1 2 7 ±2.5V 6 7.5k 10 PDV 3.3M DADJ FADJ GND1 IIN N3 N2 33k 0.1µF N1 N0 10k V0.1µF 50.0 +2.5V 0.1µF 0.1µF
BIT8
BIT9
+5V
50, 50MHz LOWPASS FILTER 220nH 220nH
50
56pF V+ DV+ DGND SYNC PDI PDO GND1 11 0.1 µF 0.1µF 100
110pF
SIGNAL OUTPUT 56pF
15
MAX038
N4 N5
N N6
N7
SYNC OUTPUT
MAX427
3 4 3.3M 33k 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF
N8 MC145151 FV N9 PDV T/R PDR N12 RA2 RA1 N13 PDR RA0
N10
20pF
8.192MHz FIN 1
N11 OSCOUT OSCIN PD1OUT VDD VSS
-5V
LD
28
35pF FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER 1kHz RESOLUTION; 8kHz TO 16.383MHz
Figure 6. Crystal-Controlled, Digitally Programmed Frequency Synthesizer--8kHz to 16MHz with 1kHz Resolution
MAX038
______________________________________________________________________________________
High-Frequency Waveform Generator
15
High-Frequency Waveform Generator MAX038
Layout Considerations
Realizing the full performance of the MAX038 requires careful attention to power-supply bypassing and board layout. Use a low-impedance ground plane, and connect all five GND pins directly to it. Bypass V+ and Vdirectly to the ground plane with 1µF ceramic capacitors or 1µF tantalum capacitors in parallel with 1nF ceramics. Keep capacitor leads short (especially with the 1nF ceramics) to minimize series inductance. If SYNC is used, DV+ must be connected to V+, DGND must be connected to the ground plane, and a second 1nF ceramic should be connected as close as possible between DV+ and DGND (pins 16 and 15). It is not necessary to use a separate supply or run separate traces to DV+. If SYNC is disabled, leave DV+ open. Do not open DGND. Minimize the trace area around COSC (and the ground plane area under COSC) to reduce parasitic capacitance, and surround this trace with ground to prevent coupling with other signals. Take similar precautions with DADJ, FADJ, and IIN. Place CF so its connection to the ground plane is close to pin 6 (GND). tor compares the ÷N output with the MAX038 SYNC output and sends differential phase information to U5. U5's single-ended output is summed with an offset into the FADJ input. (Using the DAC and the IIN pin for coarse frequency control allows the FADJ pin to have very fine control with reasonably fast response to switch changes.) A 50MHz, 50 lowpass filter in the output allows passage of 16MHz square waves and triangle waves with reasonable fidelity, while stopping high-frequency noise generated by the ÷N circuit.
___________________Chip Topography
GND AO REF VOUT GND
V+ A1 COSC DV+ DGND 0.118" (2.997mm)
___________Applications Information
Frequency Synthesizer
Figure 6 shows a frequency synthesizer that produces accurate and stable sine, square, or triangle waves with a frequency range of 8kHz to 16.383MHz in 1kHz increments. A Motorola MC145151 provides the crystal-controlled oscillator, the ÷N circuit, and a high-speed phase detector. The manual switches set the output frequency; opening any switch increases the output frequency. Each switch controls both the ÷N output and an MX7541 12-bit DAC, whose output is converted to a current by using both halves of the MAX412 op amp. This current goes to the MAX038 IIN pin, setting its coarse frequency over a very wide range. Fine frequency control (and phase lock) is achieved from the MC145151 phase detector through the differential amplifier and lowpass filter, U5. The phase detec-
SYNC GND DADJ PDI FADJ GND IIN GND 0.106" (2.692mm) PDO
TRANSISTOR COUNT: 855 SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO GND
Package Information
For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.
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