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11. References
1) Safety Notice
(1) An electric leakage related safety
Electric leakage is the flow of electricity to the ground through electrical wires due to ripped coating or bad
insulation. Electric leakage can cause electric shock or fire, which in turn may lead to casualties and loss. It
can also result in excessive electric charges.
(2) An electric leakage prevention
- Do not separate or disassemble the system even though system is shut down in a AC power supplies.
In that situation, system could be damaged.
- The electricity could be generated in winter or a dry space, prepare the leakage prevention for the
electricity when you try to disassemble.
- Do not use in strong magnetic space.
- Use the proper adapter and battery.
- Insertion of including saline could cause the leakage.
If you don't keep those things, there is a danger of electric shock, system damage and so on.
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2) Model Numbering Rule
1. CTO ( Computer Model Numbering System)
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2. Non - CTO ( Computer Model Numbering System)
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3) CPU Code table
Code name Samsung CODE FSB L1 cache L2 cache clock speed
T1300
T2300
T2400
T2500
T2600
T2700
T1400
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4) Glossary
Bad Sector
An area on a hard disk or floppy disk that cannot be used to store data, because of a
manufacturing defect or accidental damage. A floppy or hard disk saves data in units and the
smallest unit of storage on a disk is a sector. A bad sector means a sector that is damaged and
cannot be used to write or read data.
BIOS
An acronym for Basic Input/Output System. A set of instructions stored on a read-only memory
(ROM) chip which handles all input-output functions. The BIOS communicates between the operating
system and the computer's hardware. This is a part of the computer firmware (computer dedicated
software).
The BIOS allows the computer's hardware and the operating system to communicate with application
programs and peripheral devices as well as providing the fundamental services required for the
computer's operation. To view or change the BIOS settings, press the "Del" key when the system is
booting up.
Boot Sector
The very first track (track 0) on a hard drive of an IBM compatible PC. If the power is turned on,
the booting software reads the first block of the boot sector which contains a very short program (in
the order of a few hundred bytes) which will load and start running the operating system properly.
Bus Mastering
Bus mastering is a feature that enables a CPU extension board or software controller connected to
the bus to communicate directly with other devices on the bus without going through the CPU.
Although the CPU generally controls data communication over the bus (which lowers the data rate),
some high-speed devices may communicate with each other without going through the CPU. To
resolve this problem, a microprocessor installed on an extension board or a piece of software must
take control of the data transfer over the bus. By taking over some of the work of the system
microprocessor, the bus master creates a multiprocessing environment and increases the overall
system performance. This technology is called bus mastering.
Cache
A cache is temporary high speed memory designed to speed up access to resources. It is similar to
RAM but is much faster than RAM or a hard disk drive. A cache is used to reduce the wait time
caused by the difference in the data rate between two different types of storages such as the hard
disk and the RAM.
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Cache Memory
High-speed memory with a copy of the most recently used memory data. When the CPU's request
for instructions or data can be satisfied from the cache, the CPU can run at full rated speed. Using
a part of the hard disk space as cache memory due to small main memory capacity is called disk
cache.
Co-Processor
A specialized processor that performs calculations very quickly under the control of the CPU. There
are two types of co-processors, a numerical co-processor and a memory manager co-processor.
Numerical co-processor does arithmetic calculations or handles graphic processing. In a PC, co-
processor is used to do floating point calculations quickly.
COM Port
Abbreviation of `Communications Port'. A COM port refers to the serial communication port provided
by an IBM compatible PC. There are four COM ports supported: COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4.
These are used to connect a mouse or modem. Since COM 1 and COM 3 perform the same
function and COM 2 and COM 4 perform the same function, avoid setting a mouse or modem to the
same port.
Bay
A space within a PC case so that peripheral devices can be installed. In general, a hard disk drive,
a floppy disk drive and a CD-ROM drive are installed in the bays. 5.25 and 3.5 inch bays are
provided.
CMOS
Abbreviation for `Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor'. It consumes little power and operates
on battery power. The CMOS saves basic PC information such as the date, time and system
information. A main board has a ROM and a CMOS. The ROM contains a PC checking program and
the CMOS contains basic PC information such as the hard disk type. Since the data in the CMOS is
maintained by battery power, the data is lost if the battery is completely discharged.
Bus
A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of the computer to another. You
can think of a bus as a highway on which data travels between parts such as the CPU, storage
devices and peripheral devices within a computer. All PC components use data bus to exchange data
or access memory.
There are two types of data bus: address and data bus. Although actual data is transferred through
the data bus, the destination of the data is sent via the address bus. The size of the bus refers to
the width of the bus which determines the amount of data that can be transferred at the same time.
A `Bit Bus' can transfer a bit at a time.
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Device Driver
A program stored on the hard drive that tells the operating system how to communicate with an
input/output device such as a printer. You may think of it as dedicated software that controls a
device such as a printer. To use a new peripheral device, the corresponding device driver must be
installed.
DIMM
Abbreviation for `Dual In-line Memory Module'. The memory capacity is doubled by installing DRAM
chips on both sides of the memory module. This is similar to a combined 2 SIMM that uses only a
single side. This technology enables a larger capacity without increasing the number of memory
banks by utilizing both sides of the memory module.
Dot Pitch
An indication of the image quality of a monitor, this is the measurement of the distance in millimeters
between two phosphor dots, which is the minimum unit of a screen on a monitor. It determines the
minimum size of a dot on a monitor. The smaller the dot pitch the better the quality, since it allows
for more dots to be displayed and therefore a greater resolution. The dot pitch defines the resolution
of a monitor.
DRAM & SRAM
The highly integrated memory includes two memory devices: DRAM and SRAM. Although DRAM
requires power to maintain data, the circuit density and capacity of DRAM is much higher than
SRAM. The unit capacity, generally, is in MB.
DVD
Abbreviation for `Digital Video Disk'. A DVD a large capacity media that can save up to 4.7GB of
data. Due to its high capacity, it is useful for storing multimedia data. The maximum capacity is
17GB and the data rate is between 600Kbps1.3Mbps. Since a DVD-ROM drive is also compatible
with existing CD-R media, it will replace the CD-ROM drive in the future.
DVD-RAM
Abbreviation for `Digital Versatile Disc-RAM'. A DVD media type that allows multiple data to be written
to a disk and can save up to 2.6GB, which is equal to 70 minutes of a DVD title or 1800 1.44MB
floppy disks.
DVD-R Media
A DVD media type that only allows data to be read. Although the basic capacity is 4.7GB, single-
side single-layer, single-side dual-layer, double-side single-layer and double-side dual-layer recording
types are supported. If a DVD disc is recorded via a double-side dual-layer recording, the capacity
increases by 4 times that of the single-side single-layer recording.
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EPROM
Abbreviation for `Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory'. An EPROM differs from a PROM in
that a PROM can be written to only once and cannot be erased. IF an EPROM is exposed to
ultraviolet light, the data is erased.
An EPROM is covered by transparent glass and 30 minutes of exposure to ultraviolet light erases all
data. To prevent data loss by mistake, place an anti-ultraviolet sticker on the glass of the chip.
Flash Memory
Since flash memory can be written or deleted electrically, you can delete data by blocks and
reprogram the memory. Flash memory can continue to store information in the absence of a power
source, can allow tens of thousands of reading and writing operations, and is expected as the next
generation external storage device that can replace the floppy disk and magnetic disks. It has the
simple structure of a `1 bit per element' and provides more circuit density in a unit area than RAM.
Firmware
This is software that has been written to the ROM or PROM. Firmware is a combination of software
and hardware. It is generally used to improve performance by updating the data saved on the BIOS
or ROM on the main board.
DAC
Abbreviation for `Digital Analog Converter'. DAC converts a digital signal into analog.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
This stands for wide area network. A computer network that spans a wider area than does a local
area network (LAN).
Bluetooth
A global initiative set up in May 1998 by Ericsson (Sweden), IBM and Intel (U.S.) and Nokia
(Finland) to define a standard for cable-free connectivity between mobile phones, mobile PCs, PDAs
and other peripherals for easier use of devices at home and the office. Bluetooth uses short-range
radio links in the 2.4 GHz Instrumentation Scientific and Medical (ISM) band based on IEEE 802.11
specifications.
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
A graphic interface specification developed by Intel. AGP is designed especially for the throughput
demands of 3-D graphics. Rather than using the PCI bus for graphics data, AGP introduces a
dedicated point-to-point channel so that the graphics controller can directly access the main memory.
While the PCI bus operates at 33MHz, AGP operates at 60133MHz and provides a much higher
throughput for 3-D graphics.
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ALU (Arithmetic-Logic Unit)
Abbreviation for `Arithmetic Logic Unit'. A part of the CPU. ALU carries out additions, subtractions,
multiplications and divisions, as well as logical operations within instructions.
AP (Access Point)
An access point is a connection that ties wireless communication devices into a network. The access
point operates independently and is usually connected to an Ethernet hub or server.
FAT (File Allocation Table)
FAT is a file allocation table used by the operating system to keep track of which clusters are
allocated to specific files and which are available for use.
LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signalling)
LVDS is a digital signal transmission standard developed for the connection of laptop computers to
their local LCD displays and can be run at very high speeds over cheap, twisted-pair copper cables.
The prefix, 'LV', means that it uses 3.3 or 1.5V for signalling instead of the standard voltage, 5V.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol Version 3)
POP3 is the third version of the post office protocol used to deliver emails over the Internet. POP3
is a commonly implemented method of delivering email from the mail server to the client machine
over the Internet.
SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing)
SMP is a multiprocessor computer architecture where two or more identical processors are connected
to a single shared main memory. SMP systems allow any processor to work on any task no matter
where the data for that task is located in memory. SMP systems can easily move tasks between
processors to efficiently balance the work load. Most common multiprocessor systems today use SMP
architecture.
Skin
This refers to the appearance of a program's user interface or character. Skin can be a graphics or
audio file. A graphics skin can take the appearance of hardware. In other words, a skin allows users
to change the appearance of a program as a user changes the appearance of Winamp or the
Windows background. In general, you can download skins for free from a Web site.
Cookie
A small information text file that certain Web sites copy to a user's hard drive while the user is
browsing a website. A Cookie can contain information such as the user ID, user preferences, archive
shopping cart information, etc. The use of cookies enables a Web site to become more interactive
with its users, especially for future visits. The downside is that the cookie information may expose
information about the visited web sites of the user.
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Firmware
Low-level software that controls the hardware. Firmware is a combination of software and hardware.
The name, 'Firmware', is used because it is partly hardware and it is partly software that controls the
underlying hardware of the system.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
GPS is a worldwide positioning system that was developed by the US. Department of Defense in the
1970s. In addition to military purposes, it is permitted to use GPS for general purposes. The error
limit is 50m for military purposes and 200m for general purposes. The DGPS system has been
developed to reduce errors even for general purposes.
Memory Module
An extension board with RAM chips on it.
Bandwidth
The number of bits that can be continuously transmitted or received per second. The higher the
bandwidth the more efficient as data can be transferred in a shorter time.
Address Bus
The data bus used to specify the address of an input or output device or memory by the CPU.
Control Bus
The data bus used to transmit control signals by the CPU so as to notify the storage device, input
or output, of the current status or changes.
rpm (revolutions per minute)
This refers to the speed of reading data saved on the platter of a hard disk drive. It is also called
revolutions per minute or disk revolutions per minute.
Platter
This refer to plates that are included on a hard disk drive and used to record data. Generally, a
hard disk drive consists of 2 to 8 platters.
Device
It refers to an electric or mechanical instrument. In PCs, it refers to the active devices used in
electric circuits such as transistor, ICE, etc.
Resistance
An electric characteristic that hinders current flow. All materials except for superconductors have
electric resistance. The symbol is `R'. The unit is `'.
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Audio Frequency
An audio frequency normally audible to humans. Although the audio frequencies may differ depending
on individuals and the volume and type of the sound, audio frequencies range roughly from 20 Hz to
20 kHz.
RTC (Real-Time Clock Generator)
An electronic circuit included on the main board and which maintains the time of day. It operates
even if the computer is turned off, as it operates on separate power. Since keeping the time of the
day is convenient, most computers nowadays adopt this circuit.
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication-2000)
This is used in our country and it refers to FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication
Systems). The International Telecommunications Union Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) has
standardized FPLMTS so that anyone can use various communication services (voice and data)
anywhere with a single terminal. Because the pronunciation of `FPLMTS' is difficult, it was renamed
IMT-2000 in 1996.
ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface)
This is an open industry power management specification co-developed by Intel and Microsoft to
replace the APM (Advanced Power Management) specification. ACPI establishes industry-standard
interfaces for OS-directed configurations and power management on laptops, desktops and servers.
ACPI has been adopted by Windows 98 and Windows 2000. Since ACPI efficiently manages the
power consumption of the system and peripherals, it is especially useful for notebook computers.
Wafer
A round slice of silicon crystal used to create an IC. Micro-circuits such as transistors, resistors and
capacitors are constructed by diffusion (or other doping techniques, such as ion implantation) and the
deposition of various materials. The diameter of a wafer is approximately 5cm and the thinness is
0.25mm. In general, a few tens or hundreds of chips whose height and width are 5mm are
constructed on a wafer. An IC is created by slicing the chips on the wafer.
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
A diode that emits light when the current flows. It is used as an indicator in a PC or as a light
source in optical communications. It is generally made of potassium, arsenic and phosphorus.
Booting
This term derives from the phrase, `Wear boots and stand up'. This refers to the processes and
functions that a computer goes through when first starting up, ending with the proper loading of the
Operating System and preparing it for receiving commands.
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11. References
Dual Core
This refers to a CPU that has dual processing cores within and has been developed by technology
that incorporates two or more Intel Pentium-based processing cores within a single processor.
TPM (Trusted Platform Module)
The Trusted Platform Module is a component on the desktop board that is specifically designed to
enhance platform security above-and-beyond the capabilities of today's software by providing a
protected space for encrypted keys, passwords and digital certificates so as to provide security
against attacks by external software and physical theft of the hardware.
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5) Hardware Upgrade
All reassembly is done in the reverse order of disassembly.
(1) Upgrading the ODD
1. Remove the screws at the bottom of the system.
2. Press the keyboard hooks downwards and lift the keyboard up at the same time.
3. Remove the screws fixing the ODD.
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11. References
4. Remove the ODD.
5. ODD Types
ODDs that can be used for the R65/P50 include DVD-Combo, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM and
Super Multi Drive (Dual Layer).
- DVD-Combo Drive
- Super Multi Drive (Dual Layer)
- CD-ROM Drive
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(2) Upgrading the HDD.
1. Remove the HDD compartment cover.
2. Separate the HDD-FPC from the HDD connector on the main board.
3. Separate the HDD from the BRKT-HDD and replace the HDD. (The HDD type is PATA)
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(3) Replacing the WLAN
1. Remove the screws at the bottom of the system.
2. Press the keyboard hooks downwards and lift the keyboard up.
3. Remove the screws fixing the BRK-KBD.
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4. Remove the WLAN Cable-Antenna.
5. Remove the WLAN (Sliding the WlAN hooks on both side slightly, then lift the WLAN up.)
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(5) Upgrading Memory
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