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LM1875 20W Audio Power Amplifier
March 1995
LM1875 20W Audio Power Amplifier
General Description
The LM1875 is a monolithic power amplifier offering very low distortion and high quality performance for consumer audio applications The LM1875 delivers 20 watts into a 4X or 8X load on g 25V supplies Using an 8X load and g 30V supplies over 30 watts of power may be delivered The amplifier is designed to operate with a minimum of external components Device overload protection consists of both internal current limit and thermal shutdown The LM1875 design takes advantage of advanced circuit techniques and processing to achieve extremely low distortion levels even at high output power levels Other outstanding features include high gain fast slew rate and a wide power bandwidth large output voltage swing high current capability and a very wide supply range The amplifier is internally compensated and stable for gains of 10 or greater
Features
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Up to 30 watts output power AVO typically 90 dB Low distortion 0 015% 1 kHz 20 W Wide power bandwidth 70 kHz Protection for AC and DC short circuits to ground Thermal protection with parole circuit High current capability 4A Wide supply range 16V-60V Internal output protection diodes 94 dB ripple rejection Plastic power package TO-220
Applications
Y Y Y Y Y
High performance audio systems Bridge amplifiers Stereo phonographs Servo amplifiers Instrument systems
Connection Diagram
Typical Applications
TL H 5030 1
Front View
Order Number LM1875T See NS Package Number T05B
TL H 5030 2
C1995 National Semiconductor Corporation
TL H 5030
RRD-B30M75 Printed in U S A
Absolute Maximum Ratings
If Military Aerospace specified devices are required please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office Distributors for availability and specifications Supply Voltage Input Voltage 60V
b VEE to VCC
Storage Temperature Junction Temperature
b 65 C to a 150 C
150 C 260 C 3C 73 C
Lead Temperature (Soldering 10 seconds) iJC iJA
Electrical Characteristics
VCC e a 25V bVEE eb25V TAMBIENT e 25 C RL e 8X AV e 20 (26 dB) fo e 1 kHz unless otherwise specified Parameter Supply Current Output Power (Note 1) THD (Note 1) Conditions POUT e 0W THD e 1% POUT e 20W POUT e 20W POUT e 20W POUT e 20W fo e 1 kHz fo e 20 kHz RL e 4X fo e 1 kHz RL e 4X fo e 20 kHz Typical 70 25 0 015 0 05 0 022 0 07
g1 g0 2
Tested Limits 100
Units mA W
04 06
g 15 g2 g0 5
% % % % mV mA mA MHz dB
Offset Voltage Input Bias Current Input Offset Current Gain-Bandwidth Product Open Loop Gain PSRR Max Slew Rate Current Limit Equivalent Input Noise Voltage fo e 20 kHz DC VCC 1 kHz 1 Vrms VEE 1 kHz 1 Vrms 20W 8X 70 kHz BW VOUT e VSUPPLY b10V RS e 600X CCIR
0 55 90 95 83 8 4 3
52 52
dB dB V ms
3
A mVrms
Note 1 Assumes the use of a heat sink having a thermal resistance of 1 C W and no insulator with an ambient temperature of 25 C Because the output limiting circuitry has a negative temperature coefficient the maximum output power delivered to a 4X load may be slightly reduced when the tab temperature exceeds 55 C
Typical Applications
(Continued) Typical Single Supply Operation
TL H 5030 3
2
Typical Performance Characteristics
THD vs Power Output THD vs Frequency
Power Output vs Supply Voltage
Supply Current vs Supply Voltage
PSRR vs Frequency
Device Dissipation vs Ambient Temperature
wINTERFACE e 1 C W See Application Hints
Power Dissipation vs Power Output
Power Dissipation vs Power Output
IOUT vs VOUT-Current Limit Safe Operating Area Boundary
Open Loop Gain and Phase vs Frequency
Input Bias Current vs Supply Voltage
TL H 5030 4
Thermal shutdown with infinite heat sink Thermal shutdown with 1 C W heat sink
3
Schematic Diagram
4
TL H 5030 5
Application Hints
STABILITY The LM1875 is designed to be stable when operated at a closed-loop gain of 10 or greater but as with any other high-current amplifier the LM1875 can be made to oscillate under certain conditions These usually involve printed circuit board layout or output input coupling Proper layout of the printed circuit board is very important While the LM1875 will be stable when installed in a board similar to the ones shown in this data sheet it is sometimes necessary to modify the layout somewhat to suit the physical requirements of a particular application When designing a different layout it is important to return the load ground the output compensation ground and the low level (feedback and input) grounds to the circuit board ground point through separate paths Otherwise large currents flowing along a ground conductor will generate voltages on the conductor which can effectively act as signals at the input resulting in high frequency oscillation or excessive distortion It is advisable to keep the output compensation components and the 0 1 mF supply decoupling capacitors as close as possible to the LM1875 to reduce the effects of PCB trace resistance and inductance For the same reason the ground return paths for these components should be as short as possible Occasionally current in the output leads (which function as antennas) can be coupled through the air to the amplifier input resulting in high-frequency oscillation This normally happens when the source impedance is high or the input leads are long The problem can be eliminated by placing a small capacitor (on the order of 50 pF to 500 pF) across the circuit input Most power amplifiers do not drive highly capacitive loads well and the LM1875 is no exception If the output of the LM1875 is connected directly to a capacitor with no series resistance the square wave response will exhibit ringing if the capacitance is greater than about 0 1 mF The amplifier can typically drive load capacitances up to 2 mF or so without oscillating but this is not recommended If highly capacitive loads are expected a resistor (at least 1X) should be placed in series with the output of the LM1875 A method commonly employed to protect amplifiers from low impedances at high frequencies is to couple to the load through a 10X resistor in parallel with a 5 mH inductor DISTORTION The preceding suggestions regarding circuit board grounding techniques will also help to prevent excessive distortion levels in audio applications For low THD it is also necessary to keep the power supply traces and wires separated from the traces and wires connected to the inputs of the LM1875 This prevents the power supply currents which are large and nonlinear from inductively coupling to the LM1875 inputs Power supply wires should be twisted together and separated from the circuit board Where these wires are soldered to the board they should be perpendicular to the plane of the board at least to a distance of a couple of inches With a proper physical layout THD levels at 20 kHz with 10W output to an 8X load should be less than 0 05% and less than 0 02% at 1 kHz CURRENT LIMIT AND SAFE OPERATING AREA (SOA) PROTECTION A power amplifier's output transistors can be damaged by excessive applied voltage current flow or power dissipation The voltage applied to the amplifier is limited by the design of the external power supply while the maximum current passed by the output devices is usually limited by internal circuitry to some fixed value Short-term power dissipation is usually not limited in monolithic audio power amplifiers and this can be a problem when driving reactive loads which may draw large currents while high voltages appear on the output transistors The LM1875 not only limits current to around 4A but also reduces the value of the limit current when an output transistor has a high voltage across it When driving nonlinear reactive loads such as motors or loudspeakers with built-in protection relays there is a possibility that an amplifier output will be connected to a load whose terminal voltage may attempt to swing beyond the power supply voltages applied to the amplifier This can cause degradation of the output transistors or catastrophic failure of the whole circuit The standard protection for this type of failure mechanism is a pair of diodes connected between the output of the amplifier and the supply rails These are part of the internal circuitry of the LM1875 and needn't be added externally when standard reactive loads are driven THERMAL PROTECTION The LM1875 has a sophisticated thermal protection scheme to prevent long-term thermal stress to the device When the temperature on the die reaches 170 C the LM1875 shuts down It starts operating again when the die temperature drops to about 145 C but if the temperature again begins to rise shutdown will occur at only 150 C Therefore the device is allowed to heat up to a relatively high temperature if the fault condition is temporary but a sustained fault will limit the maximum die temperature to a lower value This greatly reduces the stresses imposed on the IC by thermal cycling which in turn improves its reliability under sustained fault conditions Since the die temperature is directly dependent upon the heat sink the heat sink should be chosen for thermal resistance low enough that thermal shutdown will not be reached during normal operation Using the best heat sink possible within the cost and space constraints of the system will improve the long-term reliability of any power semiconductor device POWER DISSIPATION AND HEAT SINKING The LM1875 must always be operated with a heat sink even when it is not required to drive a load The maximum idling current of the device is 100 mA so that on a 60V power supply an unloaded LM1875 must dissipate 6W of power The 54 C W junction-to-ambient thermal resistance of a TO-220 package would cause the die temperature to rise 324 C above ambient so the thermal protection circuitry will shut the amplifier down if operation without a heat sink is attempted
5
Application Hints (Continued)
In order to determine the appropriate heat sink for a given application the power dissipation of the LM1875 in that application must be known When the load is resistive the maximum average power that the IC will be required to dissipate is approximately VS2 a PQ 2q2RL where VS is the total power supply voltage across the LM1875 RL is the load resistance and PQ is the quiescent power dissipation of the amplifier The above equation is only an approximation which assumes an ``ideal'' class B output stage and constant power dissipation in all other parts of the circuit The curves of ``Power Dissipation vs Power Output'' give a better representation of the behavior of the LM1875 with various power supply voltages and resistive loads As an example if the LM1875 is operated on a 50V power supply with a resistive load of 8X it can develop up to 19W of internal power dissipation If the die temperature is to remain below 150 C for ambient temperatures up to 70 C the total junction-to-ambient thermal resistance must be less than PD(MAX) 150 Cb70 C e4 2 C W 19W Using iJC e 2 C W the sum of the case-to-heat-sink interface thermal resistance and the heat-sink-to-ambient thermal resistance must be less than 2 2 C W The case-toheat-sink thermal resistance of the TO-220 package varies with the mounting method used A metal-to-metal interface will be about 1 C W if lubricated and about 1 2 C W if dry If a mica insulator is used the thermal resistance will be about 1 6 C W lubricated and 3 4 C W dry For this example we assume a lubricated mica insulator between the LM1875 and the heat sink The heat sink thermal resistance must then be less than 4 2 C Wb2 C Wb1 6 C W e 0 6 C W This is a rather large heat sink and may not be practical in some applications If a smaller heat sink is required for reasons of size or cost there are two alternatives The maximum ambient operating temperature can be reduced to 50 C (122 F) resulting in a 1 6 C W heat sink or the heat sink can be isolated from the chassis so the mica washer is not needed This will change the required heat sink to a 1 2 C W unit if the case-to-heat-sink interface is lubricated
Note When using a single supply maximum transfer of heat away from the LM1875 can be achieved by mounting the device directly to the heat sink (tab is at ground potential) this avoids the use of a mica or other type insulator
The thermal requirements can become more difficult when an amplifier is driving a reactive load For a given magnitude of load impedance a higher degree of reactance will cause a higher level of power dissipation within the amplifier As a general rule the power dissipation of an amplifier driving a 60 reactive load (usually considered to be a worst-case loudspeaker load) will be roughly that of the same amplifier driving the resistive part of that load For example a loudspeaker may at some frequency have an impedance with a magnitude of 8X and a phase angle of 60 The real part of this load will then be 4X and the amplifier power dissipation will roughly follow the curve of power dissipation with a 4X load
Component Layouts
Split Supply Single Supply
TL H 50306
TL H 5030 7
6
7
LM1875 20W Audio Power Amplifier
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters)
TO-220 Power Package (T) Order Number LM1875T NS Package Number T05B LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL'S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION As used herein 1 Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user
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