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Nikon
FA
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
NOMENCLATURE
1
Aperture-direct-readout (ADR) window
LCD illumination window 12
2
Shutter speed indication illumination window
Meter coupling lever 13
3
Neckstrap eyelet
Sync terminal 14
4
Focusing screen holder release latch
Lens mounting index 15
5
Depth-of-field preview lever
Lens type signal pin 16
6
Handgrip
Lens release button 17
7
Handgrip attachment screw
Lens release pin 18
8
Self-timer lever
Focal length indexing lever 19
9
Metering control button
Maximum aperture indexing lever 20
10
Aperture coupling lever
Reflex mirror 21
11
Lens mounting flange
3
22 23
Shutter speed dial locking button Viewfinder eyepiece
Film sprockets 35 Film take-up spool 36 Camera back locking catch 37
24 25
Eyepiece shutter lever Film rewind fork Shutter curtains Film cartridge chamber Film guide pin Film guide rails Data back contacts
Film pressure plate 38
26 27 28 29 30
Film roller 39 Camera back 40
31 32
Motor drive shutter release coupling (for MD-12) Motor drive coupling Film rewind button
Tripod/motor drive coupling socket 41 Motor drive electrical contacts (with cover) 42 Battery clip 43
33
34
Memo holder
4
44 45
Aperture/distance index Focusing ring Mounting ring Infrared focusing index Meter coupling ridge Meter coupling shoe Hot-shoe contact Exposure compensation index Exposure compensation scale Exposure compensation dial Film rewind knob ASA/ISO film speed index ASA/ISO film speed scale Film rewind crank Camera back locking lever Exposure compensation dial locking button Ready-light contact TTL flash auto-stop signal contact
Depth-of-field indicators 62 Distance scale 63
46
47
Aperture scale 64 Aperture ring 65 Aperture-direct-readout (ADR) scale 66 Monitor contact 67 Shooting mode selector 68 Shutter release fingerguard 69 Shutter release button 70 Frame counter 71 Multiple exposure lever 72 Shooting mode index 73 Film advance lever 74 Shutter speed dial 75 Film plane indicator 76 Shutter speed index 77 Accessory shoe 78
48 49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60 61
5
CONTENTS
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 5 FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 BASIC OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 38 INSTALLING BATTERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 CHECKING BATTERY POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 MOUNTING THE LENS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -11 Usable Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Al-S Nikkor: An Updated Version of Al-Nikkor Lenses . . . . . . . . . 11 LOADING FILM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 15 Frame Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Film Advance Lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Memo Holder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 SETTING FILM SPEED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SELECTING THE SHOOTING MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - 31 Viewfinder Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 P(Programmed) Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 - 23 S (Shutter-Priority) Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 - 27 A (Aperture-Priority) Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 - 29 M (Manual) Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 - 31 HOLDING THE CAMERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 - 33 Detachable Handgrip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 FOCUSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - 35 TAKING PICTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 UNLOADING FILM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 - 38 TECHNICAL INFORMATION / PHOTOGRAPHlC TECHNIQUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 - 62 EXPOSURE METERING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 - 45 Metering Control Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Comparison of Automatic Multi-Pattern and Centerweighted Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 - 45 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHUTTER SPEED AND APERTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 - 47 DEPTH OF FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 - 49 EXPOSURE COMPENSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 - 53 In Automatic Exposure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 - 51 In the Manual Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Duplication Work and Photomicrography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 STOP-DOWN EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 MULTIPLE EXPOSURE PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 UNMANNED PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 - 57 Self-Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Eyepiece Shutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - 61 Accessory Shoe and Sync Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Ready-Light Indication in the Viewfinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Nikon FA/Speedlight Combination Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 CLOSE UP PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Close-Up Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 - 69 ELECTRONIC FLASH UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Speedlight SB-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Speedlight SB-16B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Speedlight SB-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 MOTOR DRIVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Motor Drive MD-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Motor Drive MD-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 MISCELLANEOUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 - 69 Data Back MF-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Interchangeable Focusing Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 - 67 Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Lens Hoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Anti-Cold Battery Pack DB-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Cable Release AR-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Right-Angle Viewing Attachment DR-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Eyepiece Magnifier DG-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Rubber Eyecup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Eyepiece Correction Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Camera Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Neckstraps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 EV RANGE OF THE CAMERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 - 71 What is EV? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 EV Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 - 71 TIPS ON CAMERA CARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 - 73 TIPS ON BATTERY USE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 ABOUT THE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) . . . . . . . . . . . 74 SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - 77
6
FOREWORD
Welcome to Nikon's exciting world of picture-taking ease. To put you in total control, the Nikon FA offers three automatic exposure modes, in addition to full manual override. For fastbreaking events, the programmed mode automatically sets both shutter speed and aperture for correct exposure in any light. Or when action must be stopped or blurred, such as in sports photography, shutter priority lets you choose the shutter speed manually, then the FA automatically sets the aperture to match. If depth of field is important, aperture. priority allows you to select the precise aperture with the matching shutter speed set automatically. But possibly even more important are the FA's two separate metering methods. In Nikon's revolutionary automatic multipattern metering system, the brightness from 5 areas of the focusing screen is analyzed by the camera's microcomputer; this automatically ensures the correct exposure-even in tricky lighting situations-without any exposure compensation whatsoever. Traditional centerweighted metering is reserved for the manual mode, but is usable in any of the three automatic modes with the metering control button. Other features of the FA include 1/4000sec. top shutter speed, 1/250sec. flash sync, interchangeable focusing screens, and a comprehensive line of Nikon accessories. Before using the camera, please read this instruction manual from cover to cover. A few minutes invested now will pay off in years of rewarding picture-taking experiences.
7
BASIC OPERATION
INSTALLING BATTERIES
1.
Remove the battery clip. 43 Use a coin to unscrew it in counter clockwise direction
Insert batteries. Wipe the battery terminals clean and insert the batteries, making sure that the + signs are up. Useable batteries for the Nikon FA camera are: ˇ One 3V lithium battery ˇ Two 1.55V silver-oxide batteries (3.1V) ˇ Two 1.5V alkaline-manganese batteries (3V)
2.
3.
Reattach the battery clips. Slip the clip back into the camera body and screw it tightly into place.
8
CHECKING BATTERY POWER
Pull out the film advance lever 74 to unlock the shutter release button 70 . The lever doubles as a shutter release button lock.
1.
Depress the shutter release button halfway to activate the exposure meter.
2.
Check the LCD. Confirm that the LCD (liquid crystal display) is shown at the upper left in the viewfinder. This indicates that battery installation is correct and power is sufficient. If necessary, replace with a new set. With sufficient battery power, the LCD stays on for 16sec. after you take your finger off the button. If the batteries are almost depleted, the LCD will turn off immediately when you take your finger off the button. In this case, replace batteries as soon as possible. With exhausted batteries, you cannot trip the shutter unless the shutter speed dial 75 is set at a mechanical setting of M250 or B.
3.
ˇ The LCD does not appear when the shutter dial is set at M250 or B
9
BASIC OPERATION
MOUNTING THE LENS
continued
Usable Lenses The following lenses are usable with the Nikon FA: Al-S Nikkor lenses Nikon Series E lenses Al Nikkor (including Al-modified Nikkor) lenses Reflex Nikkor 500mm f/8 PC Nikkor 28mm f/3.5 Medical-Nikkor 120mm f/4 IF Ref ex-Nikkor 1000mm f/11 (No.143001 or higher) Ret ex-Nikkor 2000mm f/11 (No.200311 or higher) PC-Nikkor 28mm f/4 (No 180901 or higher) PC-Nikkor 35mm f/2.8 (No 851000 or lower or No. 906201 or higher) Zoom-Nikkor 180-600mm f/8 ED (No.174167 or higher) Zoom-Nikkor 200-600mm f/9.5 (No.300491 or higher) Zoom-Nikkor 360-1200mm f/11 ED (No.174088 or higher) ˇ The last seven lenses having serial numbers not listed above cannot be mounted on the FA as they hit the cam era's meter coupling lever 13 However, they can be used after modification. In addition, Al-modification of most non-AI lenses having a meter coupling shoe 49 is available. Do not attempt to mount older Nikkor lenses which have not been Al-modified, as they might damage the camera. For further information concerning lens modification, please contact your local authorized Nlkon dealer ˇ The following lenses cannot be used on the FA even if they are modified to have the Al facility: 55mm f/1.2 (No. 184711-970110) 28mm f/3.5 (No. 625611-999999) 35mm U14 (No. 385001-400000) ˇ If you use lenses other than those manufactured by Nikon, proper performance may not be obtained and they may even damage the camera.
Lenses usable with the Nikon FA are Al-S Nikkor, Nikon Series E, Al-Nikkor, most Al-modified, and certain special lenses shown at the right. First line up the aperture/distance index 44 on the lens with the lens mounting index 15 on the camera body. Then twist the lens mounting ring 46 counterclockwise until the lens clicks into place Confirm that the aperture/distance index is exactly at the top. To remove: While pushing the lens release button 17 , turn the lens mounting ring clockwise until the lens comes off
ˇ When changing lenses with him loaded in the camera, be careful not to expose the mirror box to direct sunlight.
10
Al-S Nikkor: An Updated Version of Al-Nikkor Lenses
In 1977, Nikon introduced Al-Nikkor lenses which feature full aperture metering via Nikon's "Automatic Maximum Aperture Indexing" or "Al" system. Just by mounting an Al lens on the camera, the maximum aperture is automatically indexed into the camera's metering system. All Al-type lenses feature a meter coupling ridge 48 and a meter coupling shoe having two holes (Illust. 1). Then in 1981, Nikon modified their entire line of Al-Nikkor lenses, so that they would be fully compatible with the upcoming Nikon FA. These new lenses, called Al-S Nikkor, are easily distinguishable by (a) an orange minimum aperture on both regular aperture 64 and aperture-direct-readout (ADR) scales 66 (Illust. 2), and (b) a special notch on the bayonet mount (Illust. 3). In addition, the Al-S symbol appears on the front cover on the instruction manual for each lens. When used with the Nikon FA in the programmed mode, Al-S lenses provide either a normal or high-speed program depending on the focal length in use; in the shutter-priority mode, they give you uniform exposure control in any lighting situation. Nikon Series E lenses also have the same features as Al-S Nikkors, but do not have a meter coupling shoe. Of course, older Al-Nikkor and Al modified Nikkor lenses can be used with all current and older Nikon cameras, including the FA Nikon's new series of teleconvertersthe TC-201, TC-301, TC-14A and TC-14Bhave been specially designed for Al-S Nikkor lenses, but can be used with older Al-type lenses, too As soon as they are attached, they automatically switch the FA to the high-speed program in the programmed mode.
Illust.1
Al-Type Lens Lens type signal notch
Illust.2 Al-S Nikkor Lens
Illust.3
11
BASIC OPERATION
LOADING FILM
continued
1.
Open the camera back 40 While pushing the camera back locking lever 58 counterclockwise, pull up the film rewind knob 54 until the camera back pops open.
Insert the film cartridge. Position the cartridge in the film cartridge chamber 27 with the leader pointing towards the takeup spool 36 ; then push the rewind knob back down to secure the cartridge in place. You can use any type of 35mm film on the market. It is advisable to handle film in the shade to avoid direct exposure to sunlight.
2.
3.
Insert the film leader in the take. Pull the leader across the camera and insert it into any one of the slots in the takeup spool.
4.
Engage the film's perforations with the sprocket teeth. Turn the takeup spool slightly with your thumb, so that the first or second perforation at the bottom edge of the film s engaged with the small tooth at the bottom of the slot in the takeout spool, and the top and bottom perforations mesh securely with the sprockets 35
Advance the film by rotating the takeup spool further with your thumb. Make sure the perforations on both film edges are securely engaged with the sprocket teeth. Also confirm that the film is properly seated between both film guide rails 29 and there is no film slack Then close the camera back until it snaps shut.
2.
13
BASIC OPERATION
continued
6.
Take up film slack. Fold out the film rewind crank 57 and rotate gently in the direction of the arrow on the film rewind knob untill you feel a slight resistance. Then fold the crank back in.
Make blank exposure. To dispose of the first few frames exposed during film loading, continue to alternately ad vance the film and depress the shutter release button until the frame counter 71 reaches frame 1. While making blank exposures, check that the rewind knob is rotating, indicating the film has been loaded correctly and is being advanced. If the knob does not rotate, reload the film.
7.
ˇDo not take pictures prior to frame 1, because the meter does not function properly and the shutter fires at a fixed speed of 1/250sec. regardless of the shutter speed dial setting To indicate blank exposures. the LCD displays C250 when the shooting mode selector is set at the P, S, or A position or M C250 at M.
14
Frame Counter The additive type frame counter is graduated from S, two dots, 1, 2, 4-- up to 36--in even numbers with odd numbers indicated by white dots in between The frame counter ad" advances a single frame by one complete stroke of the film advance lever. After reaching frame 36 of a 36exposure roll of film m, the counter will not operate. however, film will be advanced until the actual end of the film roll. The frame counter automatically resets to S when the camera back is opened.
Film Advance Lever To advance the film, wind the lever to the right completely until it stops The lever returns to the standoff position as soon as you take your thumb off the lever. A single complete stroke advances the film one frame and simultaneously cocks the shutter.
Memo Holder 34 To remind yourself of the type of film and number of exposures, clip off the end of the film carton and insert it into the memo holder. Of course. you car use the holder to store something else like your name card or a handwritten note
ˇIf the lever becomes difficult to operate at the beginning of the roll, this means that' the film is not winding onto the takeup spool properly. In this case, rewind the film immediately and load again
15
BASIC OPERATION
SETTING FILM SPEED
continued
To program the camera to give the correct exposure with a particular film, you must set the camera to the correct film speed Lift up the ASA/ISO film speed ring and rotate it in either direction until the red index dot 55 is opposite the film speed in use. The scale 56 on the ASA/ISO dial has settings from ASA/ISO 12 to 4000 Two lines between each number stand for intermediate settings, such as 64, 80, etc. The film speed, indicated by an ASA/ISO number printed on both the film carton and cartridge, is a numerical rating of the film's sensitivity to a given amount of light: the higher the number, the greater the sensitivity, and vice versa.
ˇ Make sure that the exposure compensation dial 53 is set at 0. If not, turn the dial until the 0 click stops opposite the red index line 51 while depressing the exposure compensation dial locking button 59 .
16
SELECTING THE SHOOTING MODE
The Nikon FA offers four shooting modes: three automatic exposure modes, including P (programmed), S (shutter-priority), and A (aperture-priority), in addition to M (manual) mode. Moreover, the FA utilizes an automatic multi-pattern metering system in all three automatic modes to ensure correct exposure even in difficult lighting situations In this system, light is individually measured from five separate areas of the focusing screen and then analyzed by the camera's microcomputer, giving you the automatically corrected exposure without the need for manual exposure compensation In the manua mode, regular centerweighted metering is always n operation Just center the main subject in the viewfinder to get correct exposure. Selection of centerweighted metering is also possible in all automatic modes by depressing the metering control button 9 (refer to page 40 for more information). The metering system in use also depends on which lens is mounted on the camera (see page 18). Each shooting mode has its own advantages as explained below. Choose your desired mode and set the shooting mode selector 68 to the appropriate click-stop. Intermediate settings cannot be used According to the shooting mode you select, you must also set the shutter speed and/or aperture which will then be displayed in the viewfinder. P (Programmed) The optimum combination of shutter speed and aperture is automatically set by the FA's microcomputer, depending upon scene brightness, film speed, and lens focal length in use For short lenses (less than 135mm), the FA uses a normal program to ensure correct exposure. But with telephotos of 135mm or longer, the camera automatically switches to a special
highspeed program to reduce the possibility of camera shake caused by slow shutter speeds The P mode not only greatly simplifies operation but also lets you concentrate on picture composition, making it desirable for fast-breaking action when there isn't time to think. S (Shutter Priority) You set the shutter speed manually and the FA's microcomputer automatically selects the matching aperture. This mode is good for stopping fast action and required when motion is an important factor in your pictures, such as in sports photography A (Aperture-Priority) Select the lens aperture first; then the FA's microcomputer selects the matching shutter speed for you. This mode is recommended when the rendition of depth must be controlled exactly. For instance, you may want to blur out the background in portraiture or make everything come out sharp in scenic photography. M (Manual) You set both the shutter speed and aperture manually according to the desired effect. Necessary exposure information is shown in the viewfinder With this mode, it's possible to create intentional over- or underexposed photos It's also good under specie shooting situations. Time exposures at the B setting or mechanical release at M250 are performed n the manual mode. Flash photography with flash units other than Nikon dedicated flash units should also be performed in this mode.
17
BASIC OPERATION
continued
Shooting mode
Usable Shooting Modes/Metering Method Combination Chart Lens or accessory
normal Metering method S high-speed
135mm or longer 105mm or shorter
P A M
automatic multi-pattern
centerweighted
Al-S Nikkor Al-Nikkor Nikon Series E Al-modified Nikkor PC-Nikkor Reflex-Nikkor Medical-Nikkor
X O O
O X X O X X X X X O X X
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O X X X O O O X O
O O O O O X X X X O X X
O O O O O O O O O O O O
135mm or longer 100mm or shorter
X O O X X X O X
Teleconverters TC-201, TC-301, TC-14A and TC-14B Teleconverters TC-200, TC-300 and TC-14 Bellows, K ring
O O O O O O X O O
O = In operation or possible X = Not possible = Because Reflex-Nikkor have a fixed aperture, the shutter speed is shifted according to the aperture, just as in the A mode.
ˇ When using any Nikon teleconverter attached to lenses of f/1.8 or faster, no exposure compensation is required in the P, S, or A mode, but is necessary in the M mode as explained in the teleconverter's instruction manual.
18
5
1
2
3
4
Viewfinder Information 1. LCD exposure display. Appears when the exposure meter is turned on to show you the shutter speed or aperture selected by the camera in an automatic exposure mode or the shutter speed you set in the manual mode. Although the shutter speed and/or aperture is controlled steplessly in the automatic exposure modes, intermediate shutter speeds or f-numbers appear in the display as discrete numbers which are closest to actual shutter speeds or f numbers. 2. ADR f-number. Appears in the A or M mode to show you the aperture set on the lens (Al-S Nikkor, Nikon Series E, and Al Nikkor, including Al-modified lenses). 3. Shutter speed indication. Appears only in the S mode to show you the shutter speed set on the shutter speed dial. 4. LED exposure compensation mark. Appears when the exposure compensation dial is not set to O to indicate exposure compensation. 5. Flash ready-light. Lights up to indicate flash readiness of N nikon dedicated electronic flash units
19
BASIC OPERATION
P (PROGRAMMED) MODE
continued
1.
Set the mode selector to P.
Set the lens to it's minimum aperture (the largest f-number). The shutter speed dial can be set at any position except M250 and B
2.
3.
Confirm that automatic multipattern metering is in operation by making sure that the metering control button is in the normal "out" position and the red index is not on top (refer to page 40 for more information).
20
Warning Indications
If the LCD shows Hl, this means the scene is too-bright, indicating over exposure may occur. In this case, use a neutral density (ND) filter or change to a slower speed film
If the LCD displays Lo, this means the scene is too dark, indicating under exposure may occur. Use an electronic flash or change to faster film.
4.
Look through the viewfinder and check the exposure information. Depress the shutter release button halfway and you will see the LCD showing the shutter speed (as a reciprocal) selected by the camera to provide correct exposure. Note that a slow shutter speed results in blurred images (techniques for avoiding blurred images are explained on page 46).
If the LCD shows FEE, this means the aperture ring 65 is not set at f/11 or a larger f-number. Reset the lens to its minimum aperture. When using an Al-modified Nikkor lens, a Nikon Teleconverter TC-200, TC-300, or TC-14, or a PK ring this warning will not appear. So, be sure to set the aperture to its minimum. However, even if the aperture is set incorrectly, you can stil get the correct exposure (in most cases), but the programmed aperture will be restricted to the range between the lens maximum aperture and the actual aperture you set on the lens.
21
BASIC OPERATION
continued
Programmed Exposure Measurement Graph In the programmed automatic exposure mode, the FA provides the optimum combination of aperture and shutter speed to match the film speed in use and the brightness of the scene. These combinations were arrived at through intensive research and then fed into the FA's microcomputer to provide a predetermined exposure program. Thus, when actual exposure measurement takes place at the time of shooting, the ideal combination on is selected, resulting in perfect exposures for every shot. Moreover, the FA features two different exposure programs to match the lens focal length (applies only to Al-S Nikkor and Nikon Series E lenses) The normal program is for lenses less than 135mm; the high-speed program is for 135mm and longer (including zoom lenses whose longest focal length exceeds 135mm). To minimize camera shake with telephoto lenses, the high speed program does not go below 1/125 sec until the lens maximum aperture is reached: then slower speeds are progressively chosen. With all other lenses, the normal program is in operation The h gin-speed program is also automatically chosen by the FA when a Nikon Teleconverter TC-201, TC-301, TC-14A, or TC-14B is attached to Al S, Nikon Series E, and Al-Nikkor (including AI-modified) lenses; with Nikon Teleconverters TC-200, TC-300, or TC 14, the normal program is in operation.
The black line represents the norma program for an Al-S or Al-Nikkor 50mm f/1.4 lens with ASA/ISO 100 film,whereas the green line represents the high-speed program for an Al-S Nikkor 135mm l/2 lens. For lenses with different maximum apertures (e.g. an Al-S or Al-Nikkor 24mm f/2 8 which is indicated by a red line or an Al-S Nikkor 200mm f/4 by a pink line), the graph is read from that particular aperture until intersection with the diagonal line and then downward along the same line. Solid program lines represent automatic multi-pattern metering, whereas solid and dotted lines centerweighted metering. In extremely bright lighting situations such as snow scenes, scenes at the beach etc exposure compensation of approx +2 EV is required with conventions centerweighted metering. Taking this into consideration, automatic multi pattern metering s pre programmed to automatically make exposure compensation by reducing extreme brightness to EV 16-1/3.
22
ˇ The following lenses cannot be used in the P or S mode Zoom-Nikkor 50-300mm f/4 5 ED (older Al type without orange minimum aperture on ADR sea/e) Al modified Micro-Nikkor 105mm f/4 ˇ When using a Nikon Teleconverfer TC 200, TC-300 or TC 14, the shutter speed may vary by approx. one step from that displayed in the view finder. However you will still obtain the correct exposure. ˇ With a teleconverter attached, shutter speeds become slower. Than those indicated by the normal or high-speed program line, respectively. Similarly, with an Al modified Nikkor or PK ring attached, shutter speeds become slower. While the actual shutter speed will be the one indicated by the LCD and correct exposure is assured even in these cases, be sure to check the LCD to avoid blurred images at slower shutter speeds.
23
BASIC OPERATION
S (SHUTTER-PRIORITY) MODE
continued
1.
Set the mode selector to S.
2.
Set the lens to it's minimum aperture.
3.
Set the shutter speed dial to the desired shutter speed. The numbers on the dial are reciprocals, e.g., 4000 means 1/4000sec. The 250 engraved in red indicates the fastest sync speed for an electronic flash unit. Each setting has a click stop; intermediate settings cannot be used. Use fast shutter speed to freeze motion or use slow speeds to produce a deliberate blur. Note that in the S mode, M250 and B settings cannot be used. (to prevent accidental missetting of the dial, a locking mechanism is provided.)
24
4.
Confirm that automatic multipattern metering is in operation by making sure that the metering control button is in the normal "out" position and the red index is not on top (refer to page 40 for more information)
Look through the viewfinder and check the exposure information. The shutter speed you set is shown at The upper right-hand corner. When the shutter release button is depressed halfway, the LCD at the upper left-hand corner shows the aperture (a number preceded by F) selected by the camera to match the shutter speed you selected
5.
If the LCD shows the shutter speed (a number without F), this means you cannot obtain the correct exposure at the shutter speed you selected and the camera is overriding your choice by automatically selecting a slower or Faster speed. With an Al-modified Nikkor lens, Nikon Teleconverter TC-200, TC-300 or TC-14, PK ring or bellows attachment attached, the LCD shows F - -, instead of the aperture selected by the camera. In the same way, a shutter speed will appear instead of the F - -, if the camera automatically modifies the shutter speed you selected to obtain correct exposure
25
BASIC OPERATION
Warning Indications
continued
Shutter Speed/Aperture Combinations in S mode
If the LCD shows Hl, this means the scene is too bright, indicating overexposure may occur. In this case, use a neutral density ( ND) filter or change to a slower speed film
If the LCD displays Lo, this means the scene is too dark, indicating underexposure may occur. In this case, use an electronic flash or change to faster film
If the LCD shows FEE, this means you failed to set the lens to its minimum aperture and the scene is too bright for the aperture s U (If you failed to set the lens to its minimum aperture and FEE does not appear, you can still get correct exposure ) In this case, reset the lens to its minimum aperture. When using an Al modified Nikkor lens, Nikon Teleconverter TC 200, TC-300 or TC 14, or PK ring, the FEE warning will not appear; however, the correct exposure can be obtained until Hl appears, but the operative metering range will be reduced. So, for best results, be sure to set the aperture to its minimum.
The graph shows the shutter speed/aperture combination in the S mode at ASA/ISO 100. The red line represents an AI-S or Al-Nikkor 50mm f/1.4 lens at a shutter speed of 1/125 sec, while the black line for the same lens used at 1/30 sec The green line represents the control when the aperture ring is set by mistake to settings other than the minimum aperture (in this case, f/5.6). Solid lines represent the usable metering range for the lens when automatic multi-pattern metering is in use, solid and dotted lines show the usable metering range with centerweighted metering
26
ˇ The following lenses cannot be used in the P and S modes: Zoom Nikkor 50-300mm f/4 5 ED (older Al-type without orange minimum aperture on ADR scale) Al modified Micro Nikkor 105mm f/4 ˇ In the S mode. if an aperture of f/11 or smaller is selected the following Al-Nikkor (including Al-modified) lenses may cause approx one step slower shutter speeds than those indicated by the shutter speed indication or by the LCD in the viewfinder; however, you will still get the correct exposure In case exact shutter speed information is desired, use the A or M mode the lenses are: Nikkor 24mm f/2 Nikkor 28mm f/2 Nikkor 35mm f/1.4 Nikkor 35mm f/2 Nikkor 35mm f/2.8 Nikkor 50mm f/ 1.2 Nikkor 50mm f/1.8 Nikkor 50mm f/2 Nikkor 55mrn f/ 1.2 Noct Nikkor 58mm f/12 Nikkor 105mm f/2.5 (The same thing happens with this lens at aperture between U5 6 and f/16) Nikkor 135mm f/2.8 Nikkor 200mm f/4 ˇ When using a Nikon teleconverter TC 200, TC 300, or TC 14, the shutter speed may vary by approx one step from that displayed in the viewfinder. However, you will still obtain the correct exposure.
27
BASIC OPERATION
continued A (APERTURE-PRIORITY) MODE
1.
Set the mode selector to A.
Set the lens to the desired fnumber. Although each number on the lens aperture ring has a click stop, you can also set the ring to intermediate settings. Note that small apertures give greater depth of feild, while large apertures restrict the zone of sharp focus to the main subject. The shutter speed dial can be set at any position except M250 and B
2.
3.
Confirm that automatic multipattern metering is in operation by making sure that the metering control button is in the normal "out" position and the red index is not on top (refer to page 40 for more information).
28
Warning Indications
If the LCD shows Hl, this means the scene is too bright and there s no shutter speed to match the aperture you selected. In this case, overexposure may occur. To prevent this, stop the lens down until Hl disappears, if all else fails, attach a neutral density (ND) filter to the lens or change to a slower speed film.
4.
Look through the viewfinder and check the exposure information. The aperture you set is shown through the ADR window 1 . When the shutter speed selected by the camera to obtain correct exposure with the aperture you set. If necessary, use a wider aperture to prevent a slow shutter speed from causing blurred images. (For additional information on avoiding blurred images, see page 46.)
If the LCD displays Lo, the scene is too dark and there is no shutter speed to match the aperture you selected In this case, underexposure may occur. To prevent this, select a wider aperture or, if necessary, attach an electronic flash. As a last resort, change to a faster film.
29
BASIC OPERATION
M (MANUAL) MODE
continued
1.
Set the mode selector to M.
Set the lens to the desired fnumber. Although each number on the lens aperture ring has a click stop, you can also set the ring to intermediate settings.
2.
Set the shutter speed dial to the desired shutter speed. The numbers on the dial are reciprocals, e.g., 4000 means 1/4000sec. The 250 engraved in red indicates the fastest sync speed for an electronic flash unit. Each setting has a click stop. Shutter speeds from 1 to 1/4000sec. are electromagnetically controlled while the FA's shutter is mechanicall controlled at M250 and B. ˇ The shuter speed dial should not be set between click stops. Fine adjustment of the exposure should be performed by adjusting the aperture ring.
3.
30
4.
Center your main subject in the viewfinder and check the exposure information. Remember that in the manual mode, centerweighted metering is always in operation regardless of the position of the metering control button. The selected f-number is shown through the ADR window When the shutter release button is depressed halfway, the LCD shows the selected shutter speed preceded by the letter M. If the -+ indication is displayed above the M, you will get the correct exposure with the selected combination of aperture and shutter speed. If only - is shown, this indicates possible underexposure: use a wider aperture or a slower shutter speed. If only + is shown, this indicates possible overexposure: in this case, use a smaller aperture or faster shutter speed.
M250 and B Settings At M250 and B, the FA's shutter is mechanically controlled without the exposure meter being activated or exposure information appearing in the viewfinder. At M250, the shutter operates at a mechanical speed of 1/250sec This setting is used when the batteries are depleted and other shutter speeds are not operable It also can be used for flash photography. At B, the shutter remains open for as long as the shutter release button is depressed. B is especially useful for making long time exposures with a cable release and tripod. A locking mechanism is provided between 1 and M250 on the shutter speed dial. To set either M250 or B, depress the locking button 22 and rotate the dial to either M250 or B. ˇ At these mechanical settings, you must depress the shutter release button a little bit more than at other settings to trip the shutter Note that with the Soft Shutter Release AR 9 attached, you cannot release the shutter at these settings. 31
BASIC OPERATION
HOLDING THE CAMERA
continued
Many blurred shots are caused by unsteady holding of the camera. The basic shooting posture is: Hold the camera at eye level while looking through the viewfinder. Cradle it in your hands with the fingers of your eft hand wrapped around the lens barrel and your elbow propped against your body for support Grasp the handgrip 6 , with your right hand and use your index finger to depress the shutter release button and your thumb to wind the
film advance lever You can look through the viewfinder with either the right or eft eye, while the other eyes opened or closed. It's easy to adapt this basic posture to both horizontal- and vertical-format shooting To hold the camera steady, stand with your feet flat on the ground and slightly apart: if possible, lean on or against something strong and stable, such as a wall, especially when using slow shutter speeds.
32
Detachable Handgrip The FA's handgrip not only allows steady shooting but also fits comfortably in your hand. However, when shooting with a motor drive, you should remove the grip first To do this, insert a coin into the slot, turn the screw 7 counterclock wise until it loosens, then slide the grip down until it separates from the body.
To reattach. align the grip attachment screw with the inner hole in the handgrip, slip the grip up until it stops, then screw clockwise until it becomes tight
33
BASIC OPERATION
FOCUSING
continued
1. Split-image rangefinder 2. Microprism collar 3. Matte field
The FA-comes equipped with Type K2 focusing screen suitable for all-purpose photography. While looking through the viewfinder compose your photo and turn the focusing ring 45 of the lens until the subject looks clear. For precise pinpoint focusing on subjects with distant contours, use the central splitimage rangefinder; turn the focusing ring until the split image becomes whole (A). For rapid focusing and for subjects with indistinct outlines, use the microprism collar; turn the focusing ring until the shimmering image becomes sharp (B) In close up
or microphotography, or when using telephoto lenses with maximum apertures of approx f/4.5 or smaller, the split-image spot and microprism collar are likely to darken. Therefore, use the matte portion of the screen; turn the focusing ring until the image looks sharp (C).
ˇFinder coverage of the FA is approx 93%; therefore the actual image size will be slightly larger than the image seen in the viewfinder.
34
(A) Split-image focusing
Out of focus (B) Microprism focusing
Out of focus
Out of focus (C) Matte field focusing
In focus
Out of focus
In focus 35
BASIC OPERATION
TAKING PICTURES
continued
Trip the shutter by pushing the shutter release button all the way down; apply light but steady pressure with the ball of your index finger to avoid camera shake which might result in blurred Images. The shutter re ease button is threaded in its center to accept a standard cable release for tripping the shutter with the camera mounted on a tripod.
ˇ The shutter cannot be tripped unless : a) the film advance lever is pulled out to standard position, b) the film advance lever is stroked completely to cock the shutter and c) the batteries are in proper working order. To release the shutter when the batteries are dead use a mechanical setting of M250 or B ˇ When using a tripod be careful not to screw it into the cameras tripod socket 41 too tightly, as this might damage the camera Also if the tripod has a large head, contact between the lens barrel and the head may make it impossible to turn the lens aperture ring In this case use the special tripod adapter (supplied with the camera) between the tripod head and the camera body.
36
UNLOADING FILM
When the film reaches the end of the roll, the film advance lever cannot be wound any further. In this case, rewind and unload the film without forcing the lever using the following procedure.
Push the film advance lever back into place to turn off the camera and lock the shutter release button. This action prevents inadvertent shutter release.
1.
2.
Depress the rewind button 33 on the bottom of the camera. You don't have to apply continuous pressure to the button; just press it once.
37
BASIC OPERATION
continued
3.
Rewind the film unfolding the film rewind crank and turning it in the direction of the arrow. When you feel the tension lessen, give it a few more turns until crank turns freely, indicating the film leader is rewound completely back into the cartridge.
Open the camera back and take out film cartridge. Avoid unloading in direct sunlight. If there is no shade available, turn your back to the sun and use your own shadow to shield the camera.
4.
38
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
EXPOSURE METERING SYSTEM
The Nikon FA employs through-the-lens (TTL) full aperture exposure metering. This means that light passing through the lens is measured at maximum aperture, thus assuring a bright finder image during shooting. Furthermore, to make exposure measurement easier than ever, the Nikon FA features two types of metering methodsautomatic multi-pattern and centerweighted. In automatic multi-pattern metering, light from five separate areas of the focusing screen is metered individually so that not only brightness in the central area but also around the outside is measured. This exposure data is then fed into the FA's microcomputer where it is compared with various predetermined metering patterns stored in the memory. Only then is the exposure determined, thus assuring the correct automatic exposure. By just composing the picture and tripping the shutter, you can get good results even in difficult lighting situations where experience and complicated exposurecompensation techniques would be required with conventional centerweighted metering. In regular centerweighted metering, special emphasis is placed on the brightness in the 12mmdiameter central area. So, by placing the main subject in the center of the frame, you can get the correct exposure in most situations. Centerweighted metering is also highly recommended when you want to create special effects, such as high-key or low-key photographs.
Automatic multi-pattern metering
Centerweighted-metering
39
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
continued
Metering Control Button 9 To change from one metering method to the other, the Nikon FA features a metering control button. In its normal "out" position, you cannot see the red index (Fig. 1). In this position, the automatic multi-pattern metering method is automatically operating with the camera set at any of its automatic modes and with an Al type Nikkor lens attached At any time. you can change to centerweighted metering by simply pushing in the button (Fig. 2). To lock it in position, hold on the button as you rotate it clockwise until the red index faces up (Fig 3) With the button at the "in" position, metering is always centerweighted.
To return the button to the normal "out" position, rotate it counterclockwise until the red index disappears. Confirm that the button is in the "out" position after you remove you finger. Regardless of the position of the button, metering is always centerweighted when the camera is in the manual mode or when a lens other than an Al-S Nikkor, Al-Nikkor or Nikon Series E is used.
40
Outdoor backlit subject Comparison of Automatic Multi-Pattern and Centerweighted Metering If you compare the automatic multi-pattern and centerweighted metering systems, meter readings are virtually the same for ordinary front-it subjects or scenes having little difference in contrast between the main subject and the background. However, with scenes containing both very bright and very dark areas, the results are quite different. For example: Outdoor backlit subjects A backlit subject or a scene containing people against a bright sky and/or clouds may lead to an underexposed shot with centerweighted metering. But with automatic multi-pattern metering, exposure compensation is automatically made, giving more exposure to the darker subject to ensure the correct overall exposure.
Automatic Multi-pattern
Centerweighted 41
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
continued
Front-lit subject Front-lit subject against dark background If a brightly lit subject is positioned against a dark background, and is not in the center, centerweighted metering places too much emphasis on the dark center of the picture. The result is a correctly exposed background, but an overexposed main subject However, with automatic multi-pattern metering, the camera automatically integrates both the dark background and bright subject to ensure the best overall exposure Scenes with high reflectivity If a scene contains spectral highlights, such as the sun itself or bright reflections from water or metallic objects, the main subject wilI come out as a silhouette with regular centerweighted metering. However, with automatic multi pattern metering, the light value of the darker parts is also measured, resulting in a well-balanced exposure. In addition, overall bright scenes, such as snow scenes, come out correctly exposed with automatic multi-pattern metering What happens is that extreme brightness is uniformly reduced to EV 16-1/3, automatically making the right amount of exposure compensation for correct exposure.
Automatic Multi-pattern
Centerweighted 42
Scene containing the sun
Scene containing bright reflection
Automatic Multi-pattern
Automatic Multi-pattern
Centerweighted
Centerweighted 43
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
Sunrise On the other hand, certain subjects are difficult for automatic multi-pattern metering to handle. For example: Sunrises and sunsets Here, you should change to centerweighted metering, especially when you want to emphasize the sun and clouds. With automatic multi-pattern metering, the sky comes out too light. Similarly, whenever you want to make the light source the subject of the picture, such as when shooting neon signs at night, you should select centerweighted metering.
continued
Automatic Multi-pattern
Centerweighted 44
Indoor backlit subject Indoor backlit subjects If the main subject is indoors in front of a bright window, underexposure may occur even it the subject occupies a large portion of the picture area because the difference in contrast between subject and background is too great for the camera to handle And even with centerweighted metering. the results may not be acceptable when shooting on automatic. The best solution is to switch to the manual mode (in which centerweighted metering is always in operation) and make manual exposure compensation as explained on page 52. As an alternative use an electronic flash to obtain correct exposure for the main subject. Automatic Multi-pattern
Centerweighted 45
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHUTTER SPEED AND APERTURE
continued
Shutter Speed (sec.) Aperture (f-number)
1/4000 1/2000 1/1000 1/500 1/250 1.4 2 2.8 4 5.6
1/125 8
1/60 11
1/30 16
The amount of light reaching the film plane is determined by a comb nation of shutter speed and lens aperture. A shutter speed of 1/125sec. Iets in twice as much light as a setting of 1/250sec and only half as much light as 1/60sec An aperture setting of f/11 lets in twice as much light as f/16, half as much as f/8 Thus, if the correct exposure for a particular picture-taking situation is 1/500 at f/4, then 1/250 at f/5.6 or 1/125 at f/8 will give the same exposure. The table above is one example showing the interrelationship between shutter speed and aperture. Each combination produces correct exposure but the effects of the pictures are quite different. The best combination will depend on the results you want. Fast shutter speeds freeze motion while slow speeds produce a deliberate blur. Also, small apertures give greater
depth of field, while large apertures restrict the zone of sharp focus to the main subject. (Refer to page 48 for details on depth of field.) A good rule to follow in preventing camera shake is to select a shutter speed which is never slower than the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens in use For example, when using a norma 50mm lens, select a speed no slower than 1/60sec (the closest number to 1/50). For a 200 mm super-telephoto, use no less than 1/250 sec., and so forth. If a slow shutter speed is necessary or the camera selects one in the automatic exposure modes, attach the camera to a tripod As an alternative, use an electronic f ash or change to faster film
46
A fast shutter speed of 1/4000sec. stops the water in midair.
At a slow 1/30sec. the water comes out a blur.
47
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
DEPTH OF FIELD
When you shoot at a certain aperture and focusing distance, you will find that not only the main subject but also objects within a certain range in front of and behind it will be sharp in the final photograph This in focus zone'' is known as depth of field Objects beyond this range become increasingly out of focus. When the zone of sharpness is large, depth of field is deep: when it is small. depth of field is shallow.The following is true of depth of field: 1) The smaller the shooting aperture (i.e., the larger the numerical f-number), the deeper the depth of field; the larger the aperture, the she lower the depth of field. 2) The farther away the subject is from the lens, the deeper the depth of field becomes; the closer to the lens, the shallower the depth of field. 3) The longer the focal length of a lens, the shallower the depth of field at each f/stop, the shorter the focal length, the deeper the depth of field. 4) There is greater depth of field behind the main subject than in front of it. The depth of field at each aperture is indicated on the lens by a set of color-coded lines 62 (corresponding to the colors of the fnumbers on the aperture ring 65 ) which are used in conjunction with the distance scale 63 on the focusing ring 45 ). The range is indicated by the distance between the lines.
continued
When a lens with an automatic diaphragm is used, the image in the viewfinder is viewed with the lens at maximum aperture. However, when the depth-of-field preview lever's is pushed down, the lens will be stopped down to the aperture set, enabling you to examine depth of field before shooting The image in the viewfinder darkens according to the selected f-number, the smaller the aperture, the darker the image. Portions of the picture that appear in focus when the lever is pushed down-will be in the zone of sharp focus. Note that the lever should be depressed all the way. This lever is also used for stop-down exposure measurement (refer to page 54.) ˇ Certain Zoom-, Reflex-, and PC-Nikkor lenses do not have a depth-of-field scale
ˇ Pushing the lever automatically changes the metering method from automatic multi-pattern to centerweighted ˇ Depth-of-field can be previewed only in the A and M modes
48
Lens set at f/2
Lens set at f/16
49
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
EXPOSURE COMPENSATION
Suggested Applications for Exposure Compensation +2 White background, snow scene +1 White background occupying half of viewing area
continued
-1 Spotlighted subject, black background occupying halt of viewing area -2 Black background
In Automatic Exposure Modes If you elect to use centerweighted metering in any of the automatic exposure modes, you can use the exposure compensation dial to obtain the correct exposure for the types of picturetaking situations listed above. Also under normal conditions, you can create special "high-key" or "low-key" effects by intentionally over- or underexposing the shot. Note that before using the exposure compensation dial, you must switch to centerweighted metering. In automatic multi-pattern metering, you cannot obtain the necessary amount of compensation.
The exposure compensation dial is graduated in one-third stop increments; -1 and -2 indicate one and two stops less exposure, whereas +1 and +2 indicate one and two stops additional exposure. At ASA/ISO 4000, the compensation extends to only -1; at ASA/ISO 12, up to +1.
50
To operate, press the locking button 59 and turn the dial until the desired compensation value is opposite the red index 51 .As a reminder, a red LED exposure compensation mark (+/-) appears on the right side of the viewfinder as soon as the exposure meter is turned on After use, make sure you reset the dial so that 0 is opposite the index
51
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
In the Manual Mode There are two situations where it is difficult to get the correct exposure on automatic with centerweighted metering. They are (1) a front-lit scene with the main subject off-center and (2) an indoor backlit subject with the main subject either in the center or off-center. Therefore, to get the correct exposure, switch to the manual mode and follow this procedure: 1) For front-lit subjects, just center the main subject. For backlit ones. you should move in close until it fills up the frame. (When taking a close-up meter reading, be careful not to cast a shadow with your own body or the camera.) 2) Depress the shutter release button halfway to turn on the meter and adjust the shutter speed and/or aperture for correct exposure 3) Recompose the scene as you like and take the picture. Remember that in the manual mode, the exposure compensation dial does not operate, so the only way to make exposure compensation is by centering the main subject in the viewfinder and, if necessary, taking a close-up meter reading.
continued
52
Duplication Work and Photomicrography In copy work, s side duplication, and photomicrography, you must make exposure compensation with centerweighted metering, because these types of photography represent unusual contrast situations Some lenses automatically switch the metering method to centerweighted. The table below shows the relationship between specific types of photos and proper exposure. Since this is meant to be only a guide, in practice you should make further compensation by experimentation until you achieve the proper results.
Method of exposure measurement
ˇ The exposure compensation values listed below are reference data obtained when genera/ purpose film was used With color reversal film or microfilm for duplication work, it is advisable to take additional shots with + one stop exposure compensation as these films have very small exposure latitude. ˇ To avoid vibration, you can make the exposure by turning the illumination on and off ˇ It is advisable to use a cable release to eliminate camera vibration.
Required accessories Remarks For high contrast subjects, use of an 18% reflectance gray card in determining exposure is recommended With the card, no exposure compensation is required regardless ot whether the background is black or white
Subject Photographs and pictures with continuous gradation Copy work Documents and drawings of high contrast Slide with continuous gradation Slide duplication
Exposure compensation
Compensation not necessary Full-aperture or Approx. + 1 to + 2 slops ror Micro Nikkor 55mm stop-down f/2.8; black letters on white background: approx. -1/2 to -1 Cable release stop lor white letters on black background. Approx + 1 to +2 stops Stop-down
Slide of documents and drawings photographed
Photo micrography
Prepared specimen
Stop-down
Micro-Nikkor 55mm f/2.8; Approx + t-1/2 to +2-1/2 stops Nikon Slide Copying When using Nikon Sl de Copying Adapler PS-6, set the flood lamp for black letters on white back- Adapter PS-6: Nikon Bellows 30cm away from its opal plate ground. Focusing Attachment 0 to approx -1 /2 stop for white PB36Cable release letters on black background Generally, results come out better with more exposure in photomicrography. The compensation value on Approx. +1 stop Microflex PFX the eft is only a guide: determine the compensation value by test shooting
53
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
STOP-DOWN EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT
Stop-down exposure measurement must be made whenever the aperture ring of the lens doesn't couple with the meter coupling lever ,~ of the camera. After focusing and switching on the meter, follow these procedures: For Lenses with Automatic Diaphragms In P, S, or A mode: Push the depth-of-field preview lever all the way down, manually stop the lens down or open it up to your desired f-number, and trip the shutter while holding the lever. Note that, with the lever depressed. metering is automatically switched to centerweighted In M mode: Hold down the preview lever and turn the shutter speed dial and/or lens aperture ring until the LCD shows -+, indicating correct exposure on manual. Release the preview lever and take the shot. ˇIf the depth-of-field /ever is pushed down in the P or S mode, the shooting mode is automatically switched to the A mode; also the LCD shows the shutter speed selected by the camera for the aperture in use In the s mode, the shutter speed indication showing the shutter speed set on the dial does not disappear. For Lenses or Accessories Without Automatic Diaphragms In A mode only: P and S modes should not be used. Stop the lens down manually until the desired shutter speed appears in the viewfinder Then take the picture. In M mode: Adjust the shutter speed or aperture until the -+ indication appears above M 54
continued
For Fixed-Aperture Lenses, Photomicrography, or Astrophotography In P, S, or A mode: No adjustment of aperture and shutter speed is necessary; just take the picture.In M mode: Adjust the shutter speed dial until the LCD shows -+, indicating correct exposure on manual. If correct exposure is unobtainable, use an ND (neutral density) filter or electronic flash unit As a last resort, change to a faster or slower film.
MULTIPLE EXPOSURE PHOTOGRAPHY
A multiple exposure is created by taking more than one shot on the same frame of film. Follow this procedure: 1) Take the first shot. 2) Push the multiple exposure lever 72 in the direction of the arrow as you wind the film advance lever 74 fully. The film and frame counter 71 will not advance; only the shutter is cocked Although your finger will naturally slip off the lever as the film advance lever is wound, multiple exposure operation will have been performed correctly. 3) Take the second shot after winding the film advance lever fully To make three or more exposures on the same frame, just repeat the same procedure for each additional exposure. ˇIn multiple exposure photography, the M is designed to reduce film dislocation to the minimum But it may occur due to film curling, film slack or inappropriate film winding. 55
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
UNMANNED PHOTOGRAPHY
To include yourself in your pictures, you can mount the FA on a tripod and use the self-timer to trip the shutter. Or by attaching a motor drive, you can control the FA from a distance with optional remote control accessories or an intervalometer.
continued
Self-Timer To set the self-timer, push the self-timer lever 8 down as far as it will go This can be done either before or after the film is advanced. After the self-timer has been set, press the shutter release button 70 . Immediately the reflex mirror 21 will rise and the self-timer will start to operate; the shutter is then released approx. 10 sec. Iater If you want to cancel self timer operation after the lever has been set, move it back to its original position. You can then take pictures in the normal way. However, returning the selftimer lever to its original position after self-timer operation has begun will immediately trip the shutter The self-timer can be used at any shutter speed dial setting except B
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INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY
Eyepiece Shutter When unmanned photography is performed with the FA in one of its automatic exposure modes, stray light entering the eyepiece will affect the meter reading. To prevent this, use the eyepiece shutter Just push the lever up to close the shutter. As a visual reminder that it is in use, the shutter blind is painted red.
To create other-worldly effects, in which vegetation comes out light in tone and blue skies very dark, try shooting with black and-white infrared film In black and white infrared photography, you must use a red filter (R60) and refocus the lens to compensate for the fact that infrared light rays focus at a point slightly in front of visible Light For this purpose. most lenses have an infrared focusing index 47 (a red dot or line) beside the distance index 44 as a rule of thumb Follow this procedure: 1) Without the red filter in place, look into the viewfinder and focus on your subject. 2) Look at the lens and take note of the focused distance. 3) Reset the focusing ring so that the desired distance is aligned with the infrared focusing index. 4) Attach the red filter and take the shot. 57
TECHNICAL INFORMATION/PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY
An electronic flash unit is convenient not only for night and dimlight shooting but also as a supplementary light to fill in the shadows in daylight. Daylight fill-in flash is especially effective when shooting outdoor subjects which are backlit or in motion. With a Nikon dedicated flash, such as the SB-15 SB-16B or SB-18, the FA offers fully automatic through-the-lens (TTL) control of the flash exposure. This means that while the shutter is open, a special silicon photodiode (SPD), located at the bottom of the mirror box, reads the light reflected directly off the film and determines the timing to cut off the flash output, ensuring correct exposure.
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The FA features an X-sync contact only, allowing electronic flash units to be synchronized at a speed of 1/250sec or slower To prevent mistakes, the camera also offers automatic switchover of the shutter speed for proper synchronization with the SB-15, SB-16B, SB-18, SB-19, etc., as shown in the table on the next page. For creative fill-in flash effects, you can set the speed manually to 1/250sec or below and the shutter fires at the speed set with the speed in use displayed in the viewfinder. Flashhulbs can also be used at the following shutter speed sync ranges. Accessory Shoe 78 and Sync Terminal 14 The accessory shoe of the FA allows direct mounting of the Nikon Speedlight SB-15, SB-16B, SB-18, SB-19 or other electronic flash with an ISO-type mounting foot. Other flash units may be mounted with a flash unit coupler (see table on page 61). Four electrica contacts 59 60 61 67 in the shoe provide the following: proper synchronization of the flash unit, automatic flash output stop, identification of a TTL flash unit, and both ready-light indication in the camera's viewfinder (via and LED) and autoswitching to the proper sync speed of 1/250sec. with Nikon dedicated flash units. To use flashbulbs or an electronic flash unit without a hotshoe contact, use the camera's sync terminal. The FA's sync terminal with a protective screw-in cover, accepts all standard plug-in PC cords It is also threade