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PIC12C5XX
8-Pin, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers
Devices included in this Data Sheet:
· PIC12C508 · PIC12C508A · PIC12C509 · PIC12C509A · PIC12CR509A · PIC12CE518 · PIC12CE519
Peripheral Features:
· 8-bit real time clock/counter (TMR0) with 8-bit programmable prescaler · Power-On Reset (POR) · Device Reset Timer (DRT) · Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation · Programmable code-protection · 1,000,000 erase/write cycle EEPROM data memory · EEPROM data retention > 40 years · Power saving SLEEP mode · Wake-up from SLEEP on pin change · Internal weak pull-ups on I/O pins · Internal pull-up on MCLR pin · Selectable oscillator options: - INTRC: Internal 4 MHz RC oscillator - EXTRC: External low-cost RC oscillator - XT: Standard crystal/resonator - LP: Power saving, low frequency crystal
Note: Throughout this data sheet PIC12C5XX refers to the PIC12C508, PIC12C509, PIC12C508A, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A, PIC12CE518 and PIC12CE519. PIC12CE5XX refers to PIC12CE518 and PIC12CE519.
High-Performance RISC CPU:
· Only 33 single word instructions to learn · All instructions are single cycle (1 µs) except for program branches which are two-cycle · Operating speed: DC - 4 MHz clock input DC - 1 µs instruction cycle
Memory Device PIC12C508 PIC12C508A PIC12C509 PIC12C509A PIC12CE518 PIC12CE519 PIC12CR509A EPROM Program 512 x 12 512 x 12 1024 x 12 1024 x 12 512 x 12 1024 x 12 1024 x 12 ROM Program RAM Data 25 25 41 41 25 41 41 16 16 EEPROM Data
CMOS Technology:
· Low power, high speed CMOS EPROM/ROM technology · Fully static design · Wide operating voltage range · Wide temperature range: - Commercial: 0°C to +70°C - Industrial: -40°C to +85°C - Extended: -40°C to +125°C · Low power consumption - < 2 mA @ 5V, 4 MHz - 15 µA typical @ 3V, 32 KHz - < 1 µA typical standby current
· · · · ·
12-bit wide instructions 8-bit wide data path Seven special function hardware registers Two-level deep hardware stack Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes for data and instructions · Internal 4 MHz RC oscillator with programmable calibration · In-circuit serial programming
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 1
PIC12C5XX
Pin Diagram - PIC12C508/509
PDIP, 208 mil SOIC, Windowed Ceramic Side Brazed
VDD GP5/OSC1/CLKIN GP4/OSC2 GP3/MCLR/VPP 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 VSS GP0 GP1 GP2/T0CKI PIC12C508 PIC12C509
Pin Diagram - PIC12C508A/509A, PIC12CE518/519
PDIP, 150 & 208 mil SOIC, Windowed CERDIP
VDD GP5/OSC1/CLKIN GP4/OSC2 GP3/MCLR/VPP 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 VSS GP0 GP1 GP2/T0CKI PIC12C508A PIC12C509A PIC12CE518 PIC12CE519
Pin Diagram - PIC12CR509A
PDIP, 150 & 208 mil SOIC
VDD GP5/OSC1/CLKIN GP4/OSC2 GP3/MCLR/VPP 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 VSS GP0 GP1 GP2/T0CKI PIC12CR509A
Device Differences
Device PIC12C508A PIC12LC508A PIC12C508 PIC12C509A PIC12LC509A PIC12C509 PIC12CR509A PIC12CE518 PIC12LCE518 PIC12CE519 PIC12LCE519 Voltage Range 3.0-5.5 2.5-5.5 2.5-5.5 3.0-5.5 2.5-5.5 2.5-5.5 2.5-5.5 3.0-5.5 2.5-5.5 3.0-5.5 2.5-5.5 Oscillator See Note 1 See Note 1 See Note 1 See Note 1 See Note 1 See Note 1 See Note 1 Oscillator Calibration2 (Bits) 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 Process Technology (Microns) 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Note 1: If you change from the PIC12C50X to the PIC12C50XA or to the PIC12CR50XA, please verify oscillator characteristics in your application. Note 2: See Section 7.2.5 for OSCCAL implementation differences.
DS40139E-page 2
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
General Description............................................................................................................................................... 4 PIC12C5XX Device Varieties ................................................................................................................................ 7 Architectural Overview........................................................................................................................................... 9 Memory Organization .......................................................................................................................................... 13 I/O Port ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Timer0 Module and TMR0 Register .................................................................................................................... 25 EEPROM Peripheral Operation........................................................................................................................... 29 Special Features of the CPU ............................................................................................................................... 35 Instruction Set Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Development Support.......................................................................................................................................... 59 Electrical Characteristics - PIC12C508/PIC12C509............................................................................................ 65 DC and AC Characteristics - PIC12C508/PIC12C509 ........................................................................................ 75 Electrical Characteristics PIC12C508A/PIC12C509A/PIC12LC508A/PIC12LC509A/PIC12CR509A/ PIC12CE518/PIC12CE519/ PIC12LCE518/PIC12LCE519/PIC12LCR509A ................................................................................................... 79 14.0 DC and AC Characteristics PIC12C508A/PIC12C509A/PIC12LC508A/PIC12LC509A/PIC12CE518/PIC12CE519/PIC12CR509A/ PIC12LCE518/PIC12LCE519/ PIC12LCR509A .................................................................................................. 93 15.0 Packaging Information......................................................................................................................................... 99 Index ........................................................................................................................................................................... 105 PIC12C5XX Product Identification System ................................................................................................................ 109 Sales and Support: ..................................................................................................................................................... 109 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0
To Our Valued Customers
Most Current Data Sheet To obtain the most up-to-date version of this data sheet, please register at our Worldwide Web site at: http://www.microchip.com You can determine the version of a data sheet by examining its literature number found on the bottom outside corner of any page. The last character of the literature number is the version number. e.g., DS30000A is version A of document DS30000. Errata An errata sheet may exist for current devices, describing minor operational differences (from the data sheet) and recommended workarounds. As device/documentation issues become known to us, we will publish an errata sheet. The errata will specify the revision of silicon and revision of document to which it applies. To determine if an errata sheet exists for a particular device, please check with one of the following: · Microchip's Worldwide Web site; http://www.microchip.com · Your local Microchip sales office (see last page) · The Microchip Corporate Literature Center; U.S. FAX: (602) 786-7277 When contacting a sales office or the literature center, please specify which device, revision of silicon and data sheet (include literature number) you are using. Corrections to this Data Sheet We constantly strive to improve the quality of all our products and documentation. We have spent a great deal of time to ensure that this document is correct. However, we realize that we may have missed a few things. If you find any information that is missing or appears in error, please: · Fill out and mail in the reader response form in the back of this data sheet. · E-mail us at [email protected]. We appreciate your assistance in making this a better document.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 3
PIC12C5XX
1.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1.1 Applications
The PIC12C5XX from Microchip Technology is a family of low-cost, high performance, 8-bit, fully static, EEPROM/EPROM/ROM-based CMOS microcontrollers. It employs a RISC architecture with only 33 single word/single cycle instructions. All instructions are single cycle (1 µs) except for program branches which take two cycles. The PIC12C5XX delivers performance an order of magnitude higher than its competitors in the same price category. The 12-bit wide instructions are highly symmetrical resulting in 2:1 code compression over other 8-bit microcontrollers in its class. The easy to use and easy to remember instruction set reduces development time significantly. The PIC12C5XX products are equipped with special features that reduce system cost and power requirements. The Power-On Reset (POR) and Device Reset Timer (DRT) eliminate the need for external reset circuitry. There are four oscillator configurations to choose from, including INTRC internal oscillator mode and the power-saving LP (Low Power) oscillator mode. Power saving SLEEP mode, Watchdog Timer and code protection features also improve system cost, power and reliability. The PIC12C5XX are available in the cost-effective One-Time-Programmable (OTP) versions which are suitable for production in any volume. The customer can take full advantage of Microchip's price leadership in OTP microcontrollers while benefiting from the OTP's flexibility. The PIC12C5XX products are supported by a full-featured macro assembler, a software simulator, an in-circuit emulator, a `C' compiler, fuzzy logic support tools, a low-cost development programmer, and a full featured programmer. All the tools are supported on IBM® PC and compatible machines. The PIC12C5XX series fits perfectly in applications ranging from personal care appliances and security systems to low-power remote transmitters/receivers. The EPROM technology makes customizing application programs (transmitter codes, appliance settings, receiver frequencies, etc.) extremely fast and convenient, while the EEPROM data memory technology allows for the changing of calibration factors and security codes. The small footprint packages, for through hole or surface mounting, make this microcontroller series perfect for applications with space limitations. Low-cost, low-power, high performance, ease of use and I/O flexibility make the PIC12C5XX series very versatile even in areas where no microcontroller use has been considered before (e.g., timer functions, replacement of "glue" logic and PLD's in larger systems, coprocessor applications).
DS40139E-page 4
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
TABLE 1-1: PIC12CXXX & PIC12CEXXX FAMILY OF DEVICES
PIC12C508(A) PIC12C509(A) PIC12CR509A PIC12CE518 PIC12CE519 PIC12C671 PIC12C672 PIC12CE673 PIC12CE674 Maximum Frequency of Operation (MHz) EPROM Program Memory RAM Data Memory (bytes) EEPROM Data Memory (bytes) Peripherals Timer Module(s) A/D Converter (8-bit) Channels Wake-up from SLEEP on pin change Interrupt Sources Features I/O Pins Input Pins Internal Pull-ups In-Circuit Serial Programming Number of Instructions Packages 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 10
Clock
512 x 12
1024 x 12
1024 x 12 (ROM) 41
512 x 12
1024 x 12
1024 x 14
2048 x 14
1024 x 14
2048 x 14
Memory
25
41
25
41
128
128
128
128
--
--
--
16
16
--
--
16
16
TMR0 --
TMR0 --
TMR0 --
TMR0 --
TMR0 --
TMR0 4
TMR0 4
TMR0 4
TMR0 4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
-- 5 1 Yes Yes
-- 5 1 Yes Yes
-- 5 1 Yes -- 5 1 Yes Yes 5 1 Yes Yes
4 5 1 Yes Yes
4 5 1 Yes Yes
4 5 1 Yes Yes
4 5 1 Yes Yes
33 8-pin DIP, JW, SOIC
33 8-pin DIP, JW, SOIC
33 8-pin DIP, SOIC
33 8-pin DIP, JW, SOIC
33 8-pin DIP, JW, SOIC
35 8-pin DIP, JW, SOIC
35 8-pin DIP, JW, SOIC
35 8-pin DIP, JW
35 8-pin DIP, JW
All PIC12CXXX & PIC12CEXXX devices have Power-on Reset, selectable Watchdog Timer, selectable code protect and high I/O current capability. All PIC12CXXX & PIC12CEXXX devices use serial programming with data pin GP0 and clock pin GP1.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 5
PIC12C5XX
NOTES:
DS40139E-page 6
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
2.0 PIC12C5XX DEVICE VARIETIES
2.3
A variety of packaging options are available. Depending on application and production requirements, the proper device option can be selected using the information in this section. When placing orders, please use the PIC12C5XX Product Identification System at the back of this data sheet to specify the correct part number.
Quick-Turnaround-Production (QTP) Devices
2.1
UV Erasable Devices
The UV erasable version, offered in ceramic side brazed package, is optimal for prototype development and pilot programs. The UV erasable version can be erased and reprogrammed to any of the configuration modes. Note: Please note that erasing the device will also erase the pre-programmed internal calibration value for the internal oscillator. The calibration value must be saved prior to erasing the part.
Microchip offers a QTP Programming Service for factory production orders. This service is made available for users who choose not to program a medium to high quantity of units and whose code patterns have stabilized. The devices are identical to the OTP devices but with all EPROM locations and fuse options already programmed by the factory. Certain code and prototype verification procedures do apply before production shipments are available. Please contact your local Microchip Technology sales office for more details.
2.4
Serialized Quick-Turnaround Production (SQTPSM) Devices
Microchip's PICSTART® PLUS and PRO MATE® programmers all support programming of the PIC12C5XX. Third party programmers also are available; refer to the Microchip Third Party Guide for a list of sources.
Microchip offers a unique programming service where a few user-defined locations in each device are programmed with different serial numbers. The serial numbers may be random, pseudo-random or sequential. Serial programming allows each device to have a unique number which can serve as an entry-code, password or ID number.
2.2
One-Time-Programmable (OTP) Devices
2.5
Read Only Memory (ROM) Device
The availability of OTP devices is especially useful for customers who need the flexibility for frequent code updates or small volume applications. The OTP devices, packaged in plastic packages permit the user to program them once. In addition to the program memory, the configuration bits must also be programmed.
Microchip offers masked ROM to give the customer a low cost option for high volume, mature products.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 7
PIC12C5XX
NOTES:
DS40139E-page 8
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW
The high performance of the PIC12C5XX family can be attributed to a number of architectural features commonly found in RISC microprocessors. To begin with, the PIC12C5XX uses a Harvard architecture in which program and data are accessed on separate buses. This improves bandwidth over traditional von Neumann architecture where program and data are fetched on the same bus. Separating program and data memory further allows instructions to be sized differently than the 8-bit wide data word. Instruction opcodes are 12-bits wide making it possible to have all single word instructions. A 12-bit wide program memory access bus fetches a 12-bit instruction in a single cycle. A two-stage pipeline overlaps fetch and execution of instructions. Consequently, all instructions (33) execute in a single cycle (1µs @ 4MHz) except for program branches. The table below lists program memory (EPROM), data memory (RAM), ROM memory, and non-volatile (EEPROM) for each device.
Memory Device EPROM Program 512 x 12 1024 x 12 512 x 12 1024 x 12 1024 x 12 512 x 12 1024 x 12 ROM Program RAM Data 25 41 25 41 41 25 x 8 41 x 8 16 x 8 16 x 8 EEPROM Data
The PIC12C5XX device contains an 8-bit ALU and working register. The ALU is a general purpose arithmetic unit. It performs arithmetic and Boolean functions between data in the working register and any register file. The ALU is 8-bits wide and capable of addition, subtraction, shift and logical operations. Unless otherwise mentioned, arithmetic operations are two's complement in nature. In two-operand instructions, typically one operand is the W (working) register. The other operand is either a file register or an immediate constant. In single operand instructions, the operand is either the W register or a file register. The W register is an 8-bit working register used for ALU operations. It is not an addressable register. Depending on the instruction executed, the ALU may affect the values of the Carry (C), Digit Carry (DC), and Zero (Z) bits in the STATUS register. The C and DC bits operate as a borrow and digit borrow out bit, respectively, in subtraction. See the SUBWF and ADDWF instructions for examples. A simplified block diagram is shown in Figure 3-1, with the corresponding device pins described in Table 3-1.
PIC12C508 PIC12C509 PIC12C508A PIC12C509A PIC12CR509A PIC12CE518 PIC12CE519
The PIC12C5XX can directly or indirectly address its register files and data memory. All special function registers including the program counter are mapped in the data memory. The PIC12C5XX has a highly orthogonal (symmetrical) instruction set that makes it possible to carry out any operation on any register using any addressing mode. This symmetrical nature and lack of `special optimal situations' make programming with the PIC12C5XX simple yet efficient. In addition, the learning curve is reduced significantly.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 9
PIC12C5XX
FIGURE 3-1: PIC12C5XX BLOCK DIAGRAM
12 ROM/EPROM 512 x 12 or 1024 x 12 Program Memory Program Bus 12 Program Counter 8 GPIO GP0 GP1 GP2/T0CKI GP3/MCLR/VPP GP4/OSC2 GP5/OSC1/CLKIN SDA © 1999 Microchip Technology Inc. SCL Indirect Addr
Data Bus
STACK1 STACK2
RAM 25 x 8 or 41 x 8 File Registers RAM Addr 9 Addr MUX
Instruction reg Direct Addr 5
5-7
FSR reg 8 3 Device Reset Timer Instruction Decode & Control OSC1/CLKIN OSC2 Timing Generation Power-on Reset Watchdog Timer ALU 8 W reg STATUS reg
16 X 8 EEPROM Data Memory PIC12CE5XX Only
MUX
Internal RC OSC
MCLR VDD, VSS
Timer0
DS40139E-page 10
PIC12C5XX
TABLE 3-1:
Name GP0
PIC12C5XX PINOUT DESCRIPTION
DIP Pin # 7 SOIC Pin # 7 I/O/P Type I/O Buffer Type Description
TTL/ST Bi-directional I/O port/ serial programming data. Can be software programmed for internal weak pull-up and wake-up from SLEEP on pin change. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in serial programming mode. TTL/ST Bi-directional I/O port/ serial programming clock. Can be software programmed for internal weak pull-up and wake-up from SLEEP on pin change. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in serial programming mode. ST Bi-directional I/O port. Can be configured as T0CKI. TTL/ST Input port/master clear (reset) input/programming voltage input. When configured as MCLR, this pin is an active low reset to the device. Voltage on MCLR/VPP must not exceed VDD during normal device operation or the device will enter programming mode. Can be software programmed for internal weak pull-up and wake-up from SLEEP on pin change. Weak pull-up always on if configured as MCLR. ST when in MCLR mode. TTL Bi-directional I/O port/oscillator crystal output. Connections to crystal or resonator in crystal oscillator mode (XT and LP modes only, GPIO in other modes).
GP1
6
6
I/O
GP2/T0CKI GP3/MCLR/VPP
5 4
5 4
I/O I
GP4/OSC2
3
3
I/O
GP5/OSC1/CLKIN
2
2
I/O
TTL/ST Bidirectional IO port/oscillator crystal input/external clock source input (GPIO in Internal RC mode only, OSC1 in all other oscillator modes). TTL input when GPIO, ST input in external RC oscillator mode. -- -- Positive supply for logic and I/O pins Ground reference for logic and I/O pins
VDD VSS
1 8
1 8
P P
Legend: I = input, O = output, I/O = input/output, P = power, -- = not used, TTL = TTL input, ST = Schmitt Trigger input
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 11
PIC12C5XX
3.1 Clocking Scheme/Instruction Cycle 3.2 Instruction Flow/Pipelining
The clock input (OSC1/CLKIN pin) is internally divided by four to generate four non-overlapping quadrature clocks namely Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Internally, the program counter is incremented every Q1, and the instruction is fetched from program memory and latched into instruction register in Q4. It is decoded and executed during the following Q1 through Q4. The clocks and instruction execution flow is shown in Figure 3-2 and Example 3-1. An Instruction Cycle consists of four Q cycles (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4). The instruction fetch and execute are pipelined such that fetch takes one instruction cycle while decode and execute takes another instruction cycle. However, due to the pipelining, each instruction effectively executes in one cycle. If an instruction causes the program counter to change (e.g., GOTO) then two cycles are required to complete the instruction (Example 3-1). A fetch cycle begins with the program counter (PC) incrementing in Q1. In the execution cycle, the fetched instruction is latched into the Instruction Register (IR) in cycle Q1. This instruction is then decoded and executed during the Q2, Q3, and Q4 cycles. Data memory is read during Q2 (operand read) and written during Q4 (destination write).
FIGURE 3-2:
CLOCK/INSTRUCTION CYCLE
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
OSC1 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC
PC Fetch INST (PC) Execute INST (PC-1) PC+1 PC+2
Internal phase clock
Fetch INST (PC+1) Execute INST (PC)
Fetch INST (PC+2) Execute INST (PC+1)
EXAMPLE 3-1:
1. MOVLW 03H 2. MOVWF GPIO 3. CALL 4. BSF SUB_1
INSTRUCTION PIPELINE FLOW
Fetch 1 Execute 1 Fetch 2 Execute 2 Fetch 3 Execute 3 Fetch 4 Flush Fetch SUB_1 Execute SUB_1
GPIO, BIT1
All instructions are single cycle, except for any program branches. These take two cycles since the fetch instruction is "flushed" from the pipeline while the new instruction is being fetched and then executed.
DS40139E-page 12
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
4.0 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
FIGURE 4-1:
PIC12C5XX memory is organized into program memory and data memory. For devices with more than 512 bytes of program memory, a paging scheme is used. Program memory pages are accessed using one STATUS register bit. For the PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PICCR509A and PIC12CE519 with a data memory register file of more than 32 registers, a banking scheme is used. Data memory banks are accessed using the File Select Register (FSR).
PROGRAM MEMORY MAP AND STACK
PC<11:0> 12 Stack Level 1 Stack Level 2
CALL, RETLW
Reset Vector (note 1)
0000h
4.1
Program Memory Organization
On-chip Program Memory User Memory Space
The PIC12C5XX devices have a 12-bit Program Counter (PC) capable of addressing a 2K x 12 program memory space. Only the first 512 x 12 (0000h-01FFh) for the PIC12C508, PIC12C508A and PIC12CE518 and 1K x 12 (0000h-03FFh) for the PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A, and PIC12CE519 are physically implemented. Refer to Figure 4-1. Accessing a location above these boundaries will cause a wraparound within the first 512 x 12 space (PIC12C508, PIC12C508A and PIC12CE518) or 1K x 12 space (PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A and PIC12CE519). The effective reset vector is at 000h, (see Figure 4-1). Location 01FFh (PIC12C508, PIC12C508A and PIC12CE518) or location 03FFh (PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A and PIC12CE519) contains the internal clock oscillator calibration value. This value should never be overwritten.
512 Word
01FFh 0200h
On-chip Program Memory
1024 Word
03FFh 0400h
7FFh
Note 1: Address 0000h becomes the effective reset vector. Location 01FFh (PIC12C508, PIC12C508A, PIC12CE518) or location 03FFh (PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A, PIC12CE519) contains the MOVLW XX INTERNAL RC oscillator calibration value.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 13
PIC12C5XX
4.2 Data Memory Organization FIGURE 4-2:
Data memory is composed of registers, or bytes of RAM. Therefore, data memory for a device is specified by its register file. The register file is divided into two functional groups: special function registers and general purpose registers. The special function registers include the TMR0 register, the Program Counter (PC), the Status Register, the I/O registers (ports), and the File Select Register (FSR). In addition, special purpose registers are used to control the I/O port configuration and prescaler options. The general purpose registers are used for data and control information under command of the instructions. For the PIC12C508, PIC12C508A and PIC12CE518, the register file is composed of 7 special function registers and 25 general purpose registers (Figure 42). For the PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A, and PIC12CE519 the register file is composed of 7 special function registers, 25 general purpose registers, and 16 general purpose registers that may be addressed using a banking scheme (Figure 4-3). 4.2.1 GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER FILE
Note 1:
PIC12C508, PIC12C508A AND PIC12CE518 REGISTER FILE MAP
File Address 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h 06h 07h INDF (1) TMR0 PCL STATUS FSR OSCCAL GPIO
General Purpose Registers
1Fh
Not a physical register. See Section 4.8
The general purpose register file is accessed either directly or indirectly through the file select register FSR (Section 4.8).
FIGURE 4-3:
PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A AND PIC12CE519 REGISTER FILE MAP
FSR<6:5> File Address 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h 06h 07h General Purpose Registers 0Fh 10h General Purpose Registers 1Fh Bank 0
Note 1:
00 INDF(1) TMR0 PCL STATUS FSR OSCCAL GPIO 20h
01
Addresses map back to addresses in Bank 0.
2Fh 30h General Purpose Registers 3Fh Bank 1
Not a physical register. See Section 4.8
DS40139E-page 14
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
4.2.2 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS The Special Function Registers (SFRs) are registers used by the CPU and peripheral functions to control the operation of the device (Table 4-1). The special registers can be classified into two sets. The special function registers associated with the "core" functions are described in this section. Those related to the operation of the peripheral features are described in the section for each peripheral feature.
TABLE 4-1:
SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER (SFR) SUMMARY
Value on Power-On Reset --11 1111 1111 1111 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 1111 1111
PA0 TO PD Z DC C
Address
N/A N/A 00h 01h 02h(1) 03h
Name
TRIS OPTION INDF TMR0 PCL STATUS FSR (PIC12C508/ PIC12C508A/ PIC12C518)
Bit 7
--
Bit 6
--
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Value on All Other Resets(2) --11 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu 1111 1111 q00q quuu(3)
Contains control bits to configure Timer0, Timer0/WDT prescaler, wake-up on change, and weak pull-ups Uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) 8-bit real-time clock/counter Low order 8 bits of PC GPWUF --
0001 1xxx
04h
Indirect data memory address pointer
111x xxxx
111u uuuu
04h
FSR (PIC12C509/ PIC12C509A/ PIC12CR509A/ PIC12CE519) Indirect data memory address pointer OSCCAL (PIC12C508/ PIC12C509) OSCCAL (PIC12C508A/ PIC12C509A/ PIC12CE518/ PIC12CE519/ PIC12CR509A) GPIO (PIC12C508/ PIC12C509/ PIC12C508A/ PIC12C509A/ PIC12CR509A) GPIO (PIC12CE518/ PIC12CE519)
110x xxxx
11uu uuuu
05h
CAL3
CAL2
CAL1
CAL0
--
--
--
--
0111 ----
uuuu ----
05h
CAL5
CAL4
CAL3
CAL2
CAL1
CAL0
--
--
1000 00--
uuuu uu--
06h
--
--
GP5
GP4
GP3
GP2
GP1
GP0
--xx xxxx
--uu uuuu
06h
SCL
SDA
GP5
GP4
GP3
GP2
GP1
GP0
11xx xxxx
11uu uuuu
Legend: Shaded boxes = unimplemented or unused, -- = unimplemented, read as '0' (if applicable) x = unknown, u = unchanged, q = see the tables in Section 8.7 for possible values. Note 1: The upper byte of the Program Counter is not directly accessible. See Section 4.6 for an explanation of how to access these bits. 2: Other (non power-up) resets include external reset through MCLR, watchdog timer and wake-up on pin change reset. 3: If reset was due to wake-up on pin change then bit 7 = 1. All other resets will cause bit 7 = 0.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 15
PIC12C5XX
4.3 STATUS Register
This register contains the arithmetic status of the ALU, the RESET status, and the page preselect bit for program memories larger than 512 words. The STATUS register can be the destination for any instruction, as with any other register. If the STATUS register is the destination for an instruction that affects the Z, DC or C bits, then the write to these three bits is disabled. These bits are set or cleared according to the device logic. Furthermore, the TO and PD bits are not writable. Therefore, the result of an instruction with the STATUS register as destination may be different than intended. For example, CLRF STATUS will clear the upper three bits and set the Z bit. This leaves the STATUS register as 000u u1uu (where u = unchanged). It is recommended, therefore, that only BCF, BSF and MOVWF instructions be used to alter the STATUS register because these instructions do not affect the Z, DC or C bits from the STATUS register. For other instructions, which do affect STATUS bits, see Instruction Set Summary.
FIGURE 4-4:
R/W-0 GPWUF bit7 bit 7:
STATUS REGISTER (ADDRESS:03h)
R/W-0 PA0 5 R-1 TO 4 R-1 PD 3 R/W-x Z 2 R/W-x DC 1 R/W-x C bit0
R/W-0
--
6
R = Readable bit W = Writable bit - n = Value at POR reset
GPWUF: GPIO reset bit 1 = Reset due to wake-up from SLEEP on pin change 0 = After power up or other reset Unimplemented PA0: Program page preselect bits 1 = Page 1 (200h - 3FFh) - PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A and PIC12CE519 0 = Page 0 (000h - 1FFh) - PIC12C5XX Each page is 512 bytes. Using the PA0 bit as a general purpose read/write bit in devices which do not use it for program page preselect is not recommended since this may affect upward compatibility with future products. TO: Time-out bit 1 = After power-up, CLRWDT instruction, or SLEEP instruction 0 = A WDT time-out occurred PD: Power-down bit 1 = After power-up or by the CLRWDT instruction 0 = By execution of the SLEEP instruction Z: Zero bit 1 = The result of an arithmetic or logic operation is zero 0 = The result of an arithmetic or logic operation is not zero DC: Digit carry/borrow bit (for ADDWF and SUBWF instructions) ADDWF 1 = A carry from the 4th low order bit of the result occurred 0 = A carry from the 4th low order bit of the result did not occur SUBWF 1 = A borrow from the 4th low order bit of the result did not occur 0 = A borrow from the 4th low order bit of the result occurred C: Carry/borrow bit (for ADDWF, SUBWF and RRF, RLF instructions) ADDWF SUBWF 1 = A carry occurred 1 = A borrow did not occur 0 = A carry did not occur 0 = A borrow occurred RRF or RLF Load bit with LSB or MSB, respectively
bit 6: bit 5:
bit 4:
bit 3:
bit 2:
bit 1:
bit 0:
DS40139E-page 16
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
4.4 OPTION Register
Note: The OPTION register is a 8-bit wide, write-only register which contains various control bits to configure the Timer0/WDT prescaler and Timer0. By executing the OPTION instruction, the contents of the W register will be transferred to the OPTION register. A RESET sets the OPTION<7:0> bits. Note: If TRIS bit is set to `0', the wake-up on change and pull-up functions are disabled for that pin; i.e., note that TRIS overrides OPTION control of GPPU and GPWU. If the T0CS bit is set to `1', GP2 is forced to be an input even if TRIS GP2 = `0'.
FIGURE 4-5:
W-1 GPWU bit7
OPTION REGISTER
W-1 W-1 T0CS 5 W-1 T0SE 4 W-1 PSA 3 W-1 PS2 2 W-1 PS1 1 W-1 PS0 bit0 W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit - n = Value at POR reset Reference Table 4-1 for other resets.
GPPU 6
bit 7:
GPWU: Enable wake-up on pin change (GP0, GP1, GP3) 1 = Disabled 0 = Enabled GPPU: Enable weak pull-ups (GP0, GP1, GP3) 1 = Disabled 0 = Enabled T0CS: Timer0 clock source select bit 1 = Transition on T0CKI pin 0 = Transition on internal instruction cycle clock, Fosc/4 T0SE: Timer0 source edge select bit 1 = Increment on high to low transition on the T0CKI pin 0 = Increment on low to high transition on the T0CKI pin PSA: Prescaler assignment bit 1 = Prescaler assigned to the WDT 0 = Prescaler assigned to Timer0 PS2:PS0: Prescaler rate select bits Bit Value 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Timer0 Rate 1:2 1:4 1:8 1 : 16 1 : 32 1 : 64 1 : 128 1 : 256 WDT Rate 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1 : 16 1 : 32 1 : 64 1 : 128
bit 6:
bit 5:
bit 4:
bit 3:
bit 2-0:
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 17
PIC12C5XX
4.5 OSCCAL Register
The Oscillator Calibration (OSCCAL) register is used to calibrate the internal 4 MHz oscillator. It contains four to six bits for calibration. Increasing the cal value increases the frequency. See Section 7.2.5 for more information on the internal oscillator.
FIGURE 4-6:
R/W-0 CAL3 bit7
OSCCAL REGISTER (ADDRESS 05h) FOR PIC12C508 AND PIC12C509
R/W-1 CAL1 R/W-1 CAL0 R/W-0 -- R/W-0 -- U-0 -- U-0 -- bit0 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR reset
R/W-1 CAL2
bit 7-4: CAL<3:0>: Calibration bit 3-0: Unimplemented: Read as '0'
FIGURE 4-7:
OSCCAL REGISTER (ADDRESS 05h) FOR PIC12C508A/C509A/CR509A/12CE518/ 12CE519
R/W-0 CAL3 R/W-0 CAL2 R/W-0 CAL1 R/W-0 CAL0 U-0 -- U-0 -- bit0 R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as `0' - n = Value at POR reset
R/W-1 CAL5 bit7
R/W-0 CAL4
bit 7-2: CAL<5:0>: Calibration bit 1-0: Unimplemented: Read as '0'
DS40139E-page 18
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
4.6 Program Counter
4.6.1 EFFECTS OF RESET As a program instruction is executed, the Program Counter (PC) will contain the address of the next program instruction to be executed. The PC value is increased by one every instruction cycle, unless an instruction changes the PC. For a GOTO instruction, bits 8:0 of the PC are provided by the GOTO instruction word. The PC Latch (PCL) is mapped to PC<7:0>. Bit 5 of the STATUS register provides page information to bit 9 of the PC (Figure 48). For a CALL instruction, or any instruction where the PCL is the destination, bits 7:0 of the PC again are provided by the instruction word. However, PC<8> does not come from the instruction word, but is always cleared (Figure 4-8). Instructions where the PCL is the destination, or Modify PCL instructions, include MOVWF PC, ADDWF PC, and BSF PC,5. Note: Because PC<8> is cleared in the CALL instruction, or any Modify PCL instruction, all subroutine calls or computed jumps are limited to the first 256 locations of any program memory page (512 words long). The Program Counter is set upon a RESET, which means that the PC addresses the last location in the last page i.e., the oscillator calibration instruction. After executing MOVLW XX, the PC will roll over to location 00h, and begin executing user code. The STATUS register page preselect bits are cleared upon a RESET, which means that page 0 is preselected. Therefore, upon a RESET, a GOTO instruction will automatically cause the program to jump to page 0 until the value of the page bits is altered.
4.7
Stack
PIC12C5XX devices have a 12-bit wide L.I.F.O. hardware push/pop stack. A CALL instruction will push the current value of stack 1 into stack 2 and then push the current program counter value, incremented by one, into stack level 1. If more than two sequential CALL's are executed, only the most recent two return addresses are stored. A RETLW instruction will pop the contents of stack level 1 into the program counter and then copy stack level 2 contents into level 1. If more than two sequential RETLW's are executed, the stack will be filled with the address previously stored in level 2. Note that the W register will be loaded with the literal value specified in the instruction. This is particularly useful for the implementation of data look-up tables within the program memory. Upon any reset, the contents of the stack remain unchanged, however the program counter (PCL) will also be reset to 0. Note 1: There are no STATUS bits to indicate stack overflows or stack underflow conditions. Note 2: There are no instructions mnemonics called PUSH or POP. These are actions that occur from the execution of the CALL and RETLW instructions.
FIGURE 4-8:
LOADING OF PC BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS PIC12C5XX
GOTO Instruction
11 10 PC 9 8 7 PCL 0
Instruction Word PA0 7 0
STATUS
CALL or Modify PCL Instruction
11 10 PC 9 8 7 PCL 0
Instruction Word Reset to `0' PA0 7 0
STATUS
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 19
PIC12C5XX
4.8 Indirect Data Addressing; INDF and FSR Registers EXAMPLE 4-2: HOW TO CLEAR RAM USING INDIRECT ADDRESSING
0x10 FSR INDF FSR,F FSR,4 NEXT ;initialize pointer ; to RAM ;clear INDF register ;inc pointer ;all done? ;NO, clear next ;YES, continue
The INDF register is not a physical register. Addressing INDF actually addresses the register whose address is contained in the FSR register (FSR is a pointer). This is indirect addressing.
NEXT
EXAMPLE 4-1:
· · · ·
INDIRECT ADDRESSING
movlw movwf clrf incf btfsc goto :
Register file 07 contains the value 10h Register file 08 contains the value 0Ah Load the value 07 into the FSR register A read of the INDF register will return the value of 10h · Increment the value of the FSR register by one (FSR = 08) · A read of the INDR register now will return the value of 0Ah. Reading INDF itself indirectly (FSR = 0) will produce 00h. Writing to the INDF register indirectly results in a no-operation (although STATUS bits may be affected). A simple program to clear RAM locations 10h-1Fh using indirect addressing is shown in Example 4-2.
CONTINUE
The FSR is a 5-bit wide register. It is used in conjunction with the INDF register to indirectly address the data memory area. The FSR<4:0> bits are used to select data memory addresses 00h to 1Fh. PIC12C508/PIC12C508A/PIC12CE518: Does not use banking. FSR<7:5> are unimplemented and read as '1's. PIC12C509/PIC12C509A/PIC12CR509A/ PIC12CE519: Uses FSR<5>. Selects between bank 0 and bank 1. FSR<7:6> is unimplemented, read as '1' .
FIGURE 4-9:
DIRECT/INDIRECT ADDRESSING
Direct Addressing (FSR) 6 5 4 (opcode) 0 6 Indirect Addressing 5 4 (FSR) 0
bank select
location select 00 00h Addresses map back to addresses in Bank 0. Data Memory(1) 0Fh 10h 01
bank
location select
1Fh Bank 0
3Fh Bank 1(2)
Note 1: For register map detail see Section 4.2. Note 2: PIC12C509, PIC12C509A, PIC12CR509A, PIC12CE519.
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© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
5.0 I/O PORT
5.3 I/O Interfacing
As with any other register, the I/O register can be written and read under program control. However, read instructions (e.g., MOVF GPIO,W) always read the I/O pins independent of the pin's input/output modes. On RESET, all I/O ports are defined as input (inputs are at hi-impedance) since the I/O control registers are all set. See Section 7.0 for SCL and SDA description for PIC12CE5XX. The equivalent circuit for an I/O port pin is shown in Figure 5-1. All port pins, except GP3 which is input only, may be used for both input and output operations. For input operations these ports are non-latching. Any input must be present until read by an input instruction (e.g., MOVF GPIO,W). The outputs are latched and remain unchanged until the output latch is rewritten. To use a port pin as output, the corresponding direction control bit in TRIS must be cleared (= 0). For use as an input, the corresponding TRIS bit must be set. Any I/O pin (except GP3) can be programmed individually as input or output.
5.1
GPIO
GPIO is an 8-bit I/O register. Only the low order 6 bits are used (GP5:GP0). Bits 7 and 6 are unimplemented and read as '0's. Please note that GP3 is an input only pin. The configuration word can set several I/O's to alternate functions. When acting as alternate functions the pins will read as `0' during port read. Pins GP0, GP1, and GP3 can be configured with weak pull-ups and also with wake-up on change. The wake-up on change and weak pull-up functions are not pin selectable. If pin 4 is configured as MCLR, weak pullup is always on and wake-up on change for this pin is not enabled.
FIGURE 5-1:
Data Bus D WR Port
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR A SINGLE I/O PIN
Q Data Latch CK Q VDD P
5.2
TRIS Register
W Reg
N D TRIS Latch Q VSS Q
I/O pin(1,3)
The output driver control register is loaded with the contents of the W register by executing the TRIS f instruction. A '1' from a TRIS register bit puts the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode. A '0' puts the contents of the output data latch on the selected pins, enabling the output buffer. The exceptions are GP3 which is input only and GP2 which may be controlled by the option register, see Figure 45. Note: A read of the ports reads the pins, not the output data latches. That is, if an output driver on a pin is enabled and driven high, but the external system is holding it low, a read of the port will indicate that the pin is low.
TRIS `f'
CK
Reset
(2)
RD Port
Note 1: I/O pins have protection diodes to VDD and VSS. Note 2: See Table 3-1 for buffer type. Note 3: See Section 7.0 for SCL and SDA description for PIC12CE5XX
The TRIS registers are "write-only" and are set (output drivers disabled) upon RESET.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 21
PIC12C5XX
TABLE 5-1: SUMMARY OF PORT REGISTERS
Value on Power-On Reset
--11 1111 T0CS PAO T0SE TO PSA PD PS2 Z PS1 DC PS0 C 1111 1111 0001 1xxx
Address
N/A N/A 03H
Name
TRIS OPTION STATUS GPIO (PIC12C508/ PIC12C509/ PIC12C508A/ PIC12C509A/ PIC12CR509A) GPIO (PIC12CE518/ PIC12CE519)
Bit 7
-- GPWU GPWUF
Bit 6
-- GPPU --
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Value on All Other Resets
--11 1111 1111 1111 q00q quuu(1)
06h
--
--
GP5
GP4
GP3
GP2
GP1
GP0
--xx xxxx
--uu uuuu
06h
SCL
SDA
GP5
GP4
GP3
GP2
GP1
GP0
11xx xxxx
11uu uuuu
Legend: Shaded cells not used by Port Registers, read as `0', -- = unimplemented, read as '0', x = unknown, u = unchanged, q = see tables in Section 8.7 for possible values. Note 1: If reset was due to wake-up on change, then bit 7 = 1. All other resets will cause bit 7 = 0.
5.4
5.4.1
I/O Programming Considerations
BI-DIRECTIONAL I/O PORTS
EXAMPLE 5-1:
READ-MODIFY-WRITE INSTRUCTIONS ON AN I/O PORT
Some instructions operate internally as read followed by write operations. The BCF and BSF instructions, for example, read the entire port into the CPU, execute the bit operation and re-write the result. Caution must be used when these instructions are applied to a port where one or more pins are used as input/outputs. For example, a BSF operation on bit5 of GPIO will cause all eight bits of GPIO to be read into the CPU, bit5 to be set and the GPIO value to be written to the output latches. If another bit of GPIO is used as a bidirectional I/O pin (say bit0) and it is defined as an input at this time, the input signal present on the pin itself would be read into the CPU and rewritten to the data latch of this particular pin, overwriting the previous content. As long as the pin stays in the input mode, no problem occurs. However, if bit0 is switched into output mode later on, the content of the data latch may now be unknown. Example 5-1 shows the effect of two sequential readmodify-write instructions (e.g., BCF, BSF, etc.) on an I/O port. A pin actively outputting a high or a low should not be driven from external devices at the same time in order to change the level on this pin ("wired-or", "wiredand"). The resulting high output currents may damage the chip.
;Initial GPIO Settings ; GPIO<5:3> Inputs ; GPIO<2:0> Outputs ; ; GPIO latch GPIO pins ; ---------- ---------BCF GPIO, 5 ;--01 -ppp --11 pppp BCF GPIO, 4 ;--10 -ppp --11 pppp MOVLW 007h ; TRIS GPIO ;--10 -ppp --11 pppp ; ;Note that the user may have expected the pin ;values to be --00 pppp. The 2nd BCF caused ;GP5 to be latched as the pin value (High).
5.4.2
SUCCESSIVE OPERATIONS ON I/O PORTS
The actual write to an I/O port happens at the end of an instruction cycle, whereas for reading, the data must be valid at the beginning of the instruction cycle (Figure 5-2). Therefore, care must be exercised if a write followed by a read operation is carried out on the same I/O port. The sequence of instructions should allow the pin voltage to stabilize (load dependent) before the next instruction, which causes that file to be read into the CPU, is executed. Otherwise, the previous state of that pin may be read into the CPU rather than the new state. When in doubt, it is better to separate these instructions with a NOP or another instruction not accessing this I/O port.
DS40139E-page 22
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
FIGURE 5-2: SUCCESSIVE I/O OPERATION
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC + 3 NOP
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC Instruction fetched MOVWF GPIO PC + 1 MOVF GPIO,W PC + 2 NOP
This example shows a write to GPIO followed by a read from GPIO. Data setup time = (0.25 TCY TPD) where: TCY = instruction cycle. TPD = propagation delay
GP5:GP0 Port pin written here Instruction executed MOVWF GPIO (Write to GPIO) Port pin sampled here MOVF GPIO,W (Read GPIO) NOP
Therefore, at higher clock frequencies, a write followed by a read may be problematic.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 23
PIC12C5XX
NOTES:
DS40139E-page 24
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
6.0 TIMER0 MODULE AND TMR0 REGISTER
Counter mode is selected by setting the T0CS bit (OPTION<5>). In this mode, Timer0 will increment either on every rising or falling edge of pin T0CKI. The T0SE bit (OPTION<4>) determines the source edge. Clearing the T0SE bit selects the rising edge. Restrictions on the external clock input are discussed in detail in Section 6.1. The prescaler may be used by either the Timer0 module or the Watchdog Timer, but not both. The prescaler assignment is controlled in software by the control bit PSA (OPTION<3>). Clearing the PSA bit will assign the prescaler to Timer0. The prescaler is not readable or writable. When the prescaler is assigned to the Timer0 module, prescale values of 1:2, 1:4,..., 1:256 are selectable. Section 6.2 details the operation of the prescaler. A summary of registers associated with the Timer0 module is found in Table 6-1.
The Timer0 module has the following features: · 8-bit timer/counter register, TMR0 - Readable and writable · 8-bit software programmable prescaler · Internal or external clock select - Edge select for external clock Figure 6-1 is a simplified block diagram of the Timer0 module. Timer mode is selected by clearing the T0CS bit (OPTION<5>). In timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle (without prescaler). If TMR0 register is written, the increment is inhibited for the following two instruction cycles (Figure 6-2 and Figure 6-3). The user can work around this by writing an adjusted value to the TMR0 register.
FIGURE 6-1:
GP2/T0CKI Pin
TIMER0 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Data bus FOSC/4 0 1 1 Programmable Prescaler(2) 0 PSout Sync with Internal Clocks 8 TMR0 reg
T0SE 3 T0CS(1) PS2, PS1, PS0(1) PSA(1)
PSout (2 TCY delay) Sync
Note 1: Bits T0CS, T0SE, PSA, PS2, PS1 and PS0 are located in the OPTION register. 2: The prescaler is shared with the Watchdog Timer (Figure 6-5).
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 25
PIC12C5XX
FIGURE 6-2:
PC (Program Counter) Instruction Fetch
TIMER0 TIMING: INTERNAL CLOCK/NO PRESCALE
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC-1 PC MOVWF TMR0 PC+1 PC+2 PC+3 PC+4 MOVF TMR0,W PC+5 MOVF TMR0,W PC+6
MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W
Timer0 Instruction Executed
T0
T0+1
T0+2
NT0
NT0+1
NT0+2
Write TMR0 executed
Read TMR0 reads NT0
Read TMR0 reads NT0
Read TMR0 reads NT0
Read TMR0 reads NT0 + 1
Read TMR0 reads NT0 + 2
FIGURE 6-3:
PC (Program Counter) Instruction Fetch Timer0 T0
TIMER0 TIMING: INTERNAL CLOCK/PRESCALE 1:2
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC-1 PC MOVWF TMR0 PC+1 MOVF TMR0,W PC+2 PC+3 PC+4 MOVF TMR0,W PC+5 MOVF TMR0,W PC+6
MOVF TMR0,W MOVF TMR0,W
T0+1
NT0
NT0+1
T0
Instruction Execute
Write TMR0 executed
Read TMR0 reads NT0
Read TMR0 reads NT0
Read TMR0 reads NT0
Read TMR0 reads NT0
Read TMR0 reads NT0 + 1
TABLE 6-1:
REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH TIMER0
Value on Power-On Reset Value on All Other Resets
Address 01h N/A N/A
Name TMR0 OPTION TRIS
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Timer0 - 8-bit real-time clock/counter GPWU -- GPPU -- T0CS GP5 T0SE GP4 PSA GP3 PS2 GP2 PS1 GP1 PS0 GP0
xxxx xxxx 1111 1111
uuuu uuuu 1111 1111
--11 1111 --11 1111
Legend: Shaded cells not used by Timer0, - = unimplemented, x = unknown, u = unchanged,
DS40139E-page 26
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
6.1 Using Timer0 with an External Clock
When an external clock input is used for Timer0, it must meet certain requirements. The external clock requirement is due to internal phase clock (TOSC) synchronization. Also, there is a delay in the actual incrementing of Timer0 after synchronization. 6.1.1 EXTERNAL CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION When a prescaler is used, the external clock input is divided by the asynchronous ripple counter-type prescaler so that the prescaler output is symmetrical. For the external clock to meet the sampling requirement, the ripple counter must be taken into account. Therefore, it is necessary for T0CKI to have a period of at least 4TOSC (and a small RC delay of 40 ns) divided by the prescaler value. The only requirement on T0CKI high and low time is that they do not violate the minimum pulse width requirement of 10 ns. Refer to parameters 40, 41 and 42 in the electrical specification of the desired device. 6.1.2 TIMER0 INCREMENT DELAY
When no prescaler is used, the external clock input is the same as the prescaler output. The synchronization of T0CKI with the internal phase clocks is accomplished by sampling the prescaler output on the Q2 and Q4 cycles of the internal phase clocks (Figure 6-4). Therefore, it is necessary for T0CKI to be high for at least 2TOSC (and a small RC delay of 20 ns) and low for at least 2TOSC (and a small RC delay of 20 ns). Refer to the electrical specification of the desired device.
Since the prescaler output is synchronized with the internal clocks, there is a small delay from the time the external clock edge occurs to the time the Timer0 module is actually incremented. Figure 6-4 shows the delay from the external clock edge to the timer incrementing. 6.1.3 OPTION REGISTER EFFECT ON GP2 TRIS
If the option register is set to read TIMER0 from the pin, the port is forced to an input regardless of the TRIS register setting.
FIGURE 6-4:
TIMER0 TIMING WITH EXTERNAL CLOCK
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Small pulse misses sampling
External Clock Input or Prescaler Output (2) (1) External Clock/Prescaler Output After Sampling Increment Timer0 (Q4) Timer0 T0 T0 + 1 (3)
T0 + 2
Note 1: Delay from clock input change to Timer0 increment is 3Tosc to 7Tosc. (Duration of Q = Tosc). Therefore, the error in measuring the interval between two edges on Timer0 input = ± 4Tosc max. 2: External clock if no prescaler selected, Prescaler output otherwise. 3: The arrows indicate the points in time where sampling occurs.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 27
PIC12C5XX
6.2 Prescaler EXAMPLE 6-1:
An 8-bit counter is available as a prescaler for the Timer0 module, or as a postscaler for the Watchdog Timer (WDT), respectively (Section 8.6). For simplicity, this counter is being referred to as "prescaler" throughout this data sheet. Note that the prescaler may be used by either the Timer0 module or the WDT, but not both. Thus, a prescaler assignment for the Timer0 module means that there is no prescaler for the WDT, and vice-versa. The PSA and PS2:PS0 bits (OPTION<3:0>) determine prescaler assignment and prescale ratio. When assigned to the Timer0 module, all instructions writing to the TMR0 register (e.g., CLRF 1, MOVWF 1, BSF 1,x, etc.) will clear the prescaler. When assigned to WDT, a CLRWDT instruction will clear the prescaler along with the WDT. The prescaler is neither readable nor writable. On a RESET, the prescaler contains all '0's. 6.2.1 SWITCHING PRESCALER ASSIGNMENT
OPTION
CHANGING PRESCALER (TIMER0WDT)
;Clear WDT ;Clear TMR0 & Prescaler ;These 3 lines (5, 6, 7) ; are required only if ; desired 5.CLRWDT ;PS<2:0> are 000 or 001 6.MOVLW '00xx1xxx'b ;Set Postscaler to 7.OPTION ; desired WDT rate
1.CLRWDT 2.CLRF TMR0 3.MOVLW '00xx1111'b 4.OPTION
To change prescaler from the WDT to the Timer0 module, use the sequence shown in Example 6-2. This sequence must be used even if the WDT is disabled. A CLRWDT instruction should be executed before switching the prescaler.
EXAMPLE 6-2:
CLRWDT MOVLW
CHANGING PRESCALER (WDTTIMER0)
;Clear WDT and ;prescaler ;Select TMR0, new ;prescale value and ;clock source
'xxxx0xxx'
The prescaler assignment is fully under software control (i.e., it can be changed "on the fly" during program execution). To avoid an unintended device RESET, the following instruction sequence (Example 6-1) must be executed when changing the prescaler assignment from Timer0 to the WDT.
FIGURE 6-5:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TIMER0/WDT PRESCALER
Data Bus
TCY ( = Fosc/4) 0 1 M U X 1 0 T0SE M U X Sync 2 Cycles TMR0 reg 8
GP2/T0CKI Pin
T0CS
PSA
0 M U X
8-bit Prescaler 8 8 - to - 1MUX PS2:PS0
Watchdog Timer
1
PSA WDT Enable bit 0 MUX 1 PSA
WDT Time-Out Note: T0CS, T0SE, PSA, PS2:PS0 are bits in the OPTION register.
DS40139E-page 28
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
7.0 EEPROM PERIPHERAL OPERATION
to PIC12CE518 and Namely, to avoid code overhead in modifying the TRIS register, both SDA and SCL are always outputs. To read data from the EEPROM peripheral requires outputting a `1' on SDA placing it in high-Z state, where only the internal 100K pull-up is active on the SDA line. SDA: Built-in 100K (typical) pull-up to VDD Open-drain (pull-down only) Always an output Outputs a `1' on reset SCL: Full CMOS output Always an output Outputs a `1' on reset The following example requires: · Code Space: 77 words · RAM Space: 5 bytes (4 are overlayable) · Stack Levels:1 (The call to the function itself. The functions do not call any lower level functions.) · Timing: - WRITE_BYTE takes 328 cycles - READ_CURRENT takes 212 cycles - READ_RANDOM takes 416 cycles. · IO Pins: 0 (No external IO pins are used) This code must reside in the lower half of a page. The code achieves it's small size without additional calls through the use of a sequencing table. The table is a list of procedures that must be called in order. The table uses an ADDWF PCL,F instruction, effectively a computed goto, to sequence to the next procedure. However the ADDWF PCL,F instruction yields an 8 bit address, forcing the code to reside in the first 256 addresses of a page.
This section applies PIC12CE519 only.
The PIC12CE518 and PIC12CE519 each have 16 bytes of EEPROM data memory. The EEPROM memory has an endurance of 1,000,000 erase/write cycles and a data retention of greater than 40 years. The EEPROM data memory supports a bi-directional 2-wire bus and data transmission protocol. These two-wires are serial data (SDA) and serial clock (SCL), that are mapped to bit6 and bit7, respectively, of the GPIO register (SFR 06h). Unlike the GP0-GP5 that are connected to the I/O pins, SDA and SCL are only connected to the internal EEPROM peripheral. For most applications, all that is required is calls to the following functions:
; Byte_Write: Byte write routine ; Inputs: EEPROM Address EEADDR ; EEPROM Data EEDATA ; Outputs: Return 01 in W if OK, else return 00 in W ; ; Read_Current: Read EEPROM at address currently held by EE device. ; Inputs: NONE ; Outputs: EEPROM Data EEDATA ; Return 01 in W if OK, else return 00 in W ; ; Read_Random: Read EEPROM byte at supplied address ; Inputs: EEPROM Address EEADDR ; Outputs: EEPROM Data EEDATA ; Return 01 in W if OK, else return 00 in W
The code for these functions is available on our website www.microchip.com. The code will be accessed by either including the source code FL51XINC.ASM or by linking FLASH5IX.ASM. It is very important to check the return codes when using these calls, and retry the operation if unsuccessful. Unsuccessful return codes occur when the EE data memory is busy with the previous write, which can take up to 4 mS. 7.0.1 SERIAL DATA
SDA is a bi-directional pin used to transfer addresses and data into and data out of the device. For normal data transfer SDA is allowed to change only during SCL low. Changes during SCL high are reserved for indicating the START and STOP conditions. The EEPROM interface is a 2-wire bus protocol consisting of data (SDA) and a clock (SCL). Although these lines are mapped into the GPIO register, they are not accessible as external pins; only to the internal EEPROM peripheral. SDA and SCL operation is also slightly different than GPO-GP5 as listed below.
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 29
PIC12C5XX
Figure 7-1: Block diagram of GPIO6 (SDA line)
VDD
reset To 24L00 SDA Pad
D
databus
write GPIO
ck
EN
Q
Output Latch
Q
D
EN ck Input Latch Read GPIO ltchpin
Schmitt Trigger
Figure 7-2: Block diagram of GPIO7 (SCL line)
VDD To 24LC00 SCL Pad EN
Q
D
databus
write GPIO
ck
Q
D
EN ck
Schmitt Trigger
Read GPIO
ltchpin
DS40139E-page 30
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
7.0.2 SERIAL CLOCK 7.1.4 DATA VALID (D) This SCL input is used to synchronize the data transfer from and to the device. The state of the data line represents valid data when, after a START condition, the data line is stable for the duration of the HIGH period of the clock signal. The data on the line must be changed during the LOW period of the clock signal. There is one bit of data per clock pulse. Each data transfer is initiated with a START condition and terminated with a STOP condition. The number of the data bytes transferred between the START and STOP conditions is determined by the master device and is theoretically unlimited. 7.1.5 ACKNOWLEDGE
7.1
BUS CHARACTERISTICS
The following bus protocol is to be used with the EEPROM data memory. · Data transfer may be initiated only when the bus is not busy. During data transfer, the data line must remain stable whenever the clock line is HIGH. Changes in the data line while the clock line is HIGH will be interpreted as a START or STOP condition. Accordingly, the following bus conditions have been defined (Figure 7-3). 7.1.1 BUS NOT BUSY (A)
Each receiving device, when addressed, is obliged to generate an acknowledge after the reception of each byte. The master device must generate an extra clock pulse which is associated with this acknowledge bit. Note: Acknowledge bits are not generated if an internal programming cycle is in progress.
Both data and clock lines remain HIGH. 7.1.2 START DATA TRANSFER (B)
A HIGH to LOW transition of the SDA line while the clock (SCL) is HIGH determines a START condition. All commands must be preceded by a START condition. 7.1.3 STOP DATA TRANSFER (C)
A LOW to HIGH transition of the SDA line while the clock (SCL) is HIGH determines a STOP condition. All operations must be ended with a STOP condition.
The device that acknowledges has to pull down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock pulse in such a way that the SDA line is stable LOW during the HIGH period of the acknowledge related clock pulse. Of course, setup and hold times must be taken into account. A master must signal an end of data to the slave by not generating an acknowledge bit on the last byte that has been clocked out of the slave. In this case, the slave must leave the data line HIGH to enable the master to generate the STOP condition (Figure 7-4).
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 31
PIC12C5XX
FIGURE 7-3:
SCL (A) (B)
DATA TRANSFER SEQUENCE ON THE SERIAL BUS
(C) (D) (C) (A)
SDA
START CONDITION
ADDRESS OR ACKNOWLEDGE VALID
DATA ALLOWED TO CHANGE
STOP CONDITION
FIGURE 7-4:
ACKNOWLEDGE TIMING
Acknowledge Bit
SCL SDA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
Data from transmitter
Data from transmitter Receiver must release the SDA line at this point so the Transmitter can continue sending data.
Transmitter must release the SDA line at this point allowing the Receiver to pull the SDA line low to acknowledge the previous eight bits of data.
7.2
Device Addressing
FIGURE 7-5:
CONTROL BYTE FORMAT
Read/Write Bit
After generating a START condition, the bus master transmits a control byte consisting of a slave address and a Read/Write bit that indicates what type of operation is to be performed. The slave address consists of a 4-bit device code (1010) followed by three don't care bits. The last bit of the control byte determines the operation to be performed. When set to a one a read operation is selected, and when set to a zero a write operation is selected. (Figure 7-5). The bus is monitored for its corresponding slave address all the time. It generates an acknowledge bit if the slave address was true and it is not in a programming mode.
Device Select Bits
Don't Care Bits 0 X X X R/W ACK
S
1
0
1
Slave Address Start Bit Acknowledge Bit
DS40139E-page 32
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
PIC12C5XX
7.3
7.3.1
WRITE OPERATIONS
BYTE WRITE
7.4
ACKNOWLEDGE POLLING
Following the start signal from the master, the device code (4 bits), the don't care bits (3 bits), and the R/W bit (which is a logic low) are placed onto the bus by the master transmitter. This indicates to the addressed slave receiver that a byte with a word address will follow after it has generated an acknowledge bit during the ninth clock cycle. Therefore, the next byte transmitted by the master is the word address and will be written into the address pointer. Only the lower four address bits are used by the device, and the upper four bits are don't cares. The address byte is acknowledgeable and the master device will then transmit the data word to be written into the addressed memory location. The memory acknowledges again and the master generates a stop condition. This initiates the internal write cycle, and during this time will not generate acknowledge signals (Figure 7-7). After a byte write command, the internal address counter will not be incremented and will point to the same address location that was just written. If a stop bit is transmitted to the device at any point in the write command sequence before the entire sequence is complete, then the command will abort and no data will be written. If more than 8 data bits are transmitted before the stop bit is sent, then the device will clear the previously loaded byte and begin loading the data buffer again. If more than one data byte is transmitted to the device and a stop bit is sent before a full eight data bits have been transmitted, then the write command will abort and no data will be written. The EEPROM memory employs a VCC threshold detector circuit which disables the internal erase/write logic if the VCC is below minimum VDD. Byte write operations must be preceded and immediately followed by a bus not busy bus cycle where both SDA and SCL are held high.
Since the device will not acknowledge during a write cycle, this can be used to determine when the cycle is complete (this feature can be used to maximize bus throughput). Once the stop condition for a write command has been issued from the master, the device initiates the internally timed write cycle. ACK polling can be initiated immediately. This involves the master sending a start condition followed by the control byte for a write command (R/W = 0). If the device is still busy with the write cycle, then no ACK will be returned. If no ACK is returned, then the start bit and control byte must be re-sent. If the cycle is complete, then the device will return the ACK and the master can then proceed with the next read or write command. See Figure 7-6 for flow diagram.
FIGURE 7-6:
ACKNOWLEDGE POLLING FLOW
Send Write Command
Send Stop Condition to Initiate Write Cycle
Send Start
Send Control Byte with R/W = 0
Did Device Acknowledge (ACK = 0)? YES Next Operation
NO
FIGURE 7-7:
BUS ACTIVITY MASTER SDA LINE
BYTE WRITE
S T A R T S 1 0 1 CONTROL BYTE WORD ADDRESS DATA S T O P P A C K A C K
0
X
X
X
0 A C K
X
X
X
X
BUS ACTIVITY X = Don't Care Bit
© 1999 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS40139E-page 33
PIC12C5XX
7.5 READ OPERATIONS
Read operations are initiated in the same way as write operations with the exception that the R/W bit of the slave address is set to one. There are three basic types of read operations: current address read, random read, and sequential read. 7.5.1 CURRENT ADDRESS READ device as part of a write operation. After the word address is sent, the master generates a start condition following the acknowledge. This terminates the write operation, but not bef