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AN589
After entering programming mode, RB7 is used to serially enter programming modes and data into the part. A high to low transition on RB6, the clock input, qualifies each bit of the data applied on RB7. Please refer to the PIC16C84 Programming Specification (DS30189) for details on the figures. The serial command-data format is specified in Figure 1.2.1.3 of the Microchip PIC16C84 Programming Specification (DS30189). The first 6 bits form the command field, and the last 16 bits form the data field. Notice that the data field is composed of one zero starting bit, 14 actual data bits, and one zero stop bit. The increment address command, shown in Figure 1.2.1.5 (PIC16C84 Programming Specification, DS30189), is comprised of only the command field. Table 1.2.1.1 (see DS30189) summarizes the available commands and command codes for serial programming mode. Read mode is similar to programming mode with the exception that the data direction of RB7 is reversed after receiving the 6-bit command to allow the requested data to be returned to the programmer. Figure 1.2.1.4 (see DS30189) shows this sequence which starts by shifting the 6-bit command into the part. After the read command is issued, the programmer tri-states its buffer to allow the part to serially shift its internal data back to the programmer. The rising edge of RB6, (the clock input), controls the data flow by sequentially shifting previously programmed or data bits from the part. The programmer qualifies this data on the falling edge of RB6. Notice that 16 clock cycles are necessary to shift out 14 data bits. Accidental in-circuit reprogramming is prevented during normal operation by the MCLR voltage which should never exceed the maximum circuit supply voltage of 6 VDC and the logic levels of port bits RB7 and RB6. After program/verification the MCLR pin is brought low to reset the target microcontroller and then electrically released. The target circuit is then free to activate the MCLR signal. In the event MCLR is not forced by the target circuit, R4 (a 2 k pull-up resistor in the programmer) provides a high logic level on the target microcontroller which enables execution of its program independent of the programmer connection. Provisions should be made to prevent the target circuit from resetting the target microcontroller with MCLR or affecting the RB7 and RB6 pins during the programming process. In most cases this can be done without jumpers.

A PC-Based Development Programmer for the PIC16C84
Robert Spur Analog Design Specialist, Inc.

INTRODUCTION
This application note describes the construction of a low cost serial programmer which uses a PC with a parallel (Centronix printer) port to control a PIC16C84. This programmer has the capability of programming a PIC16C84 microcontroller, and reading back internal data without removing the device from the target circuit. This feature is very useful in applications where changes in program code or program constants are necessary to compensate for other system features. For example, an embedded control system may have to compensate for variances in a mechanical actuator's performance or loading. The basic program can be programmed and tested during design phase. The final program and control constants can be easily added later in the production phase without removing the microcontroller from the circuit. Automatic software and performance upgrades can also be implemented in-system. Upon receiving new system software via disk or modem, a control processor with the included programming code could perform in-circuit reprogramming of other microcontrollers in the system. This programmer can load program code, part configuration, and EEPROM data into the PIC16C84. In read back mode, it can verify all data entries.

PROGRAMMING DESCRIPTION
The PIC16C84 microcontroller is placed into programming mode by forcing a low logic level on RB7 (pin 13) and RB6 (pin 12) while MCLR (pin 4) is first brought low to reset the part, and then brought to the program/verify voltage of 12 to 14V. The MCLR pin remains at the program/verify voltage for the remainder of the programming or verification.

© 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00589A-page 1

AN589
DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
A logic high on PC parallel interface latch bit D4 turns on Q3 causing the MCLR pin to go low which places the target part in reset mode. The reset condition is then removed and the program/verify voltage is applied by placing a logic high on D3 and a logic low on D4 which turns off Q3 and turns on Q2 and Q1. Circuit protection of Q1 and Q3 is obtained from connecting the emitter of Q2 to latch bit D4 which prevents a simultaneous reset and program/verify voltage mode. Q2, a 2N3904, has a reverse emitter base breakdown voltage of 6V which will not be exceeded when 5V logic is used on the parallel interface. Resistors R1, R2, R3, and diode D1 provide a logic level interface to the analog circuitry. R4 provides a MCLR (master clear) pull-up function during target circuit run mode. The programming voltage is supplied and adjusted by an external lab supply. This supply should have a current limit in the 100 mA range. 5V for U2 (LS244) is locally regulated from programming supply voltage by U1. R5 (750 resistor) is connected to the regulator output to insure proper 5V regulation when the 13.5V programming voltage is applied through the pull-up resistor R4. Data and clock are connected to the part via tri-state buffer, U2. PC parallel port interface bit D0 is used for data and port bit D1 is used for clock. During programming mode both clock and data buffers are enabled by port bits D2 and D5. During read mode, the data buffer is tri-stated via D2 and the printer data acknowledge signal line is used to receive verification data from the part. After program/verification mode both the data and clock lines are tri-stated via D2 and D5, allowing these lines to be used by the target circuit. This allows the programmer to remain physically, but not electrically connected to the target system. An optional 5V line was included in the 3-foot programming interconnect cable for convenience. Short interconnection leads and good grounding are always good construction practice. To meet the programming/verification specification, the target part's supply voltage should first be set to the maximum specified supply voltage and a program/data read back should then be performed. This process is then repeated at the lowest specified supply voltage.

FIGURE 1:

PROGRAMER SCHEMATIC
U1 VPP (13.5V) C1 22 µF 35V LM340-5 R1 2k Q1 2N3906 Q2 2N3904 R2 2k R3 2k D1 1N4148 LS244 (pin 10) Q3 2N3904 GND (pin 5) PIC16C84 INTERFACE R4 2k R5 750 LS244 (pin 20) +5 VDC C2 68 µF 10V MCLR (pin 4)

D3

5

PC PARALLEL D4 INTERFACE GND

6 18, 25

D2

4 1 U2 74LS244 18 10 DATA (RB7, pin 13)

D0

2

2

ACK

D5

7 19 U2 74LS244 3 11 12 Resistors: 1/4 watt, 5% CLOCK (RB6, pin 12)

D1

3

17

BUSY PE

DS00589A-page 2

© 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN589
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
The listed code provides a hardware-software interface to a standard PC parallel (Centronix) interface port. The code can be adapted to a microprocessor parallel interface port by substituting an output command for the "biosprint" command. Control software can transfer the PIC16C84 program, configuration bits, and EEPROM data from a standard PROM interface file into the target system by reading the file and calling the function in Example 1 using the appropriate command name in the definition table, and the data to be programmed. The command names are repeated here for reference. LOAD_CONFIG LOAD_DATA READ_DATA INC_ADDR Sets PIC16C84 data pointer to configuration. Loads, but does not program, data. Reads data at current pointer location. Increments pointer. PIC16C84 data BEGIN_PROG PARALLEL_MODE LOAD_DATA_DM READ_DATA_DM Programs data at current data pointer location. Puts PIC16C84 into parallel mode (not used). Loads EEPROM data. Reads EEPROM data.

Function "int ser_pic16c84(,) is called to perform command. Function returns internal data after read commands. Do not forget to initiate the programming mode before programming, increment the addresses after each byte is programmed, and put the programmer in run mode after programming. Designed by: Analog Design Specialist, Inc. P.O. Box 26-0846 Littleton, CO 80126

EXAMPLE 1:

PUT TARGET SYSTEM INTO PROGRAM MODE

.. program code.. ser_pic16c84(PROGRAM_MODE,0); .. program code..

EXAMPLE 2:

READ DATA FROM THE TARGET SYSTEM

.. program code.. data = ser_pic16c84(READ_DATA,0); // read data // transfers data from target part to variable "data" .. more program code..

EXAMPLE 3:

PROGRAM DATA INTO THE TARGET SYSTEM

.. program code.. ser_pic16c84(LOAD_DATA,data);// load data into target ser_pic16c84(BEGIN_PROG,0);// program loaded data ser_pic16c84(INC_ADDR,0);// increment to next address // transfers data from program variable "data" to target part .. more program code..

EXAMPLE 4:

PUT TARGET SYSTEM INTO RUN MODE

.. program code.. ser_pic16c84(RUN,0); .. program code..

© 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00589A-page 3

AN589
//************************** FIGURE #2 ******************************** //** ** //** SERIAL PROGRAMMING ROUTINE FOR THE PIC16C84 MICROCONTROLLER ** //** ** //** Analog Design Specialists ** //** ** //********************************************************************* //FUNCTION PROTOTYPE: int ser_pic16c84(int cmd, int data) // cmd: LOAD_CONFIG -> part configuration bits // LOAD_DATA -> program data, write // READ_DATA -> program data, read // INC_ADDR -> increment to the next address (routine does not auto increment) // BEGIN_PROG -> program a previously loaded program code or data // LOAD_DATA_DM -> load EEPROM data regesters (BEGIN_PROG must follow) // READ_DATA_DM -> read EEPROM data // // data: 1) 14 bits of program data or // 2) 8 bits of EEPROM data (least significant 8 bits of int) // Additional programmer commands (not part of PIC16C84 programming codes) // // cmd: RESET -> provides 1 ms reset pulse to target system // PROGRAM_MODE -> initializes PIC16C84 for programming // RUN -> disconnects programmer from target system // // function returns:1) 14 or 8 bits read back data for read commands // 2) zero for write data commands // 3) PIC_PROG_EROR = -1 for programming function errors // 4) PROGMR_ERROR = -2 for programmer function errors

#include #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define LOAD_CONFIG 0 LOAD_DATA 2 READ_DATA 4 INC_ADDR 6 BEGIN_PROG 8 PARALLEL_MODE 10 LOAD_DATA_DM 3 READ_DATA_DM 5 MAX_PIC_CMD 63 64 65 66

// not used

// division between pic16c84 and programmer commands // external reset command, not needed for programming // initialize program mode // electrically disconnect programmer

#define RESET #define PROGRAM_MODE #define RUN

#define PIC_PROG_EROR -1 #define PROGMR_ERROR -2 #define PTR 0 // use device #0

// parallel port bits // d0: data output to part to be programmed // d1: programming clock // d2: data dirrection, 0= enable tri state buf -> send data to part // d3: Vpp control 1= turn on Vpp // d4: ~MCLR =0, 1 = reset device with MCLR line // d5: clock line tri state control, 0 = enable clock line int ser_pic16c84(int cmd, int data) { int i, s_cmd; // custom interface for pic16c84

DS00589A-page 4

© 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

AN589
if(cmd <=MAX_PIC_CMD) { biosprint(0,8,PTR); s_cmd = cmd; for (i=0;i<6;i++) { biosprint(0,(s_cmd&0x1) +2+8,PTR); biosprint(0,(s_cmd&0x1) +8,PTR); s_cmd >>=1; } if((cmd ==INC_ADDR)||(cmd ==PARALLEL_MODE) return 0; else if(cmd ==BEGIN_PROG) { delay(10); return 0; } // all programming modes // set bits 001000, output mode, clock & data low // retain command "cmd" // output 6 bits of command // set bits 001010, clock hi // set bits 001000, clock low

// command only, no data cycle

// program command only, no data cycle // 10 ms PIC programming time

else if((cmd ==LOAD_DATA)||(cmd ==LOAD_DATA_DM)||(cmd ==LOAD_CONFIG)) // output 14 bits for (i=200;i;i--) ; // delay between command & data biosprint(0,2+8,PTR); // set bits 001010, clock hi; leading bit biosprint(0, 8,PTR); // set bits 001000, clock low for (i=0;i<14;i++) { biosprint(0,(data&0x1) +2+8,PTR); biosprint(0,(data&0x1) +8,PTR); data >>=1; } biosprint(0,2+8,PTR); // ***************** biosprint(0, return 0; } else if((cmd ==READ_DATA)||(cmd ==READ_DATA_DM)) //read 14 bits from part, lsb first { biosprint(0, 4+8,PTR); // set bits 001100, clock low, tri state data buffer for (i=200;i;i--) ; // delay between command & data biosprint(0,2+4+8,PTR); // set bits 001110, clock hi, leading bit biosprint(0, 4+8,PTR); // set bits 001100, clock low data =0; for (i=0;i<14;i++) Analog Design Specialists // 14 data bits, lsb first // set bits 001010, // set bits 001000, clock hi clock low

// set bits 001010, clock hi; trailing bit ****************** // set bits 001000, clock low

8,PTR);

// input 14 bits of data, lsb first { data >>=1; // shift data for next input bit biosprint(0,2+4+8,PTR); // set bits 001110, clock hi biosprint(0, 4+8,PTR); // set bits 001100, clock low if(!(biosprint(2,0,0)&0x40)) data += 0x2000; //use printer acknowledge line for input, //data lsb first } biosprint(0,2+4+8,PTR); // set bits 001110, clock hi, trailing bit biosprint(0, 4+8,PTR); // set bits 001100, clock low return data; } else return PIC_PROG_EROR; } else if(cmd == RESET) // programmer error

// reset device

© 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

DS00589A-page 5

AN589
{ biosprint(0,32+16+4,PTR); (reset delay(1); biosprint(0,32 +4,PTR); return 0; } else if(cmd ==PROGRAM_MODE) { biosprint(0,32+16+4,PTR); delay(10); biosprint(0,8,PTR); delay(10); return 0; } else if(cmd ==RUN) { biosprint(0,32+4,PTR); return 0; } else return PROGMR_ERROR; } // disconnects programmer from device // set bits 100100 // // // // set bits 110100, MCLR = low PIC16C84), programmer not connected 1ms delay set bits 100100, MCLR = high

// enter program mode // set bits 110100, Vpp off, MCLR =low //(reset PIC16C84) //10 ms, allow programming voltage to stabilize // set bits 001000, Vpp on , MCLR = 13.5 volts, // clock & data connected // 10 ms, allow programming voltage to stabilize

// command error

DS00589A-page 6

© 1997 Microchip Technology Inc.

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1999 Microchip Technology Inc.