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AT90S2313
Features
ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ
Utilizes the AVR Ž Enhanced RISC Architecture AVR - High Performance and Low Power RISC Architecture 120 Powerful Instructions - Most Single Clock Cycle Execution 2K bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Downloadable Flash - SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading - Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 128 bytes EEPROM - Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles 128 bytes Internal RAM 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers 15 Programmable I/O Lines VCC: 2.7 - 6.0V Fully Static Operation, 0 - 20 MHz Instruction Cycle Time: 50 ns @ 20 MHz One 8-Bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler One 16-Bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler and Compare and Capture Modes Full Duplex UART Selectable 8, 9 or 10 bit PWM External and Internal Interrupt Sources Programmable Watchdog Timer with On-Chip Oscillator On-Chip Analog Comparator Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes Programming lock for Software Security 20-Pin Device

8-Bit Microcontroller with 2K bytes Downloadable Flash Preliminary AT90S2313

Description
The AT90S2313 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR Ž enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the AT90S2313 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

(continued)

Pin Configuration

0839A

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Block Diagram

Figure 1. The AT90S2313 Block Diagram

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
Description (Continued)
The AT90S2313 provides the following features: 2K bytes of Downloadable Flash, 128 bytes EEPROM, 128 bytes SRAM, 15 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a programmable serial UART, programmable Watchdog Timer with internal oscillator, an SPI serial port for Flash Memory downloading and two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, timer/counters, SPI port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. The device is manufactured using Atmel's high density non-volatile memory technology. The on-chip Downloadable Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining an enhanced RISC 8-bit CPU with Downloadable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT90S2313 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT90S2313 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits.

Pin Descriptions
VCC Supply voltage pin. GND Ground pin. Port B (PB7..PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins can provide internal pullups (selected for each bit). PB0 and PB1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip analog comparator. The Port B output buffers can sink 20mA and can drive LED displays directly. When pins PB0 to PB7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) if the internal pullups are activated. Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90S2313 as listed on Page 3-50. Port D (PD6..PD0) Port D has seven bi-directional I/O pins with internal pullups, PD6..PD0. The Port D output buffers can sink 20 mA. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current (IIL) if the pullups are activated. Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90S2313 as listed on Page 3-55. RESET Reset input. A low on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

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Crystal Oscillator
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively , of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an onchip oscillator, as shown in Figure 2. Either a quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Oscillator Connections

Figure 3. External Clock Drive Configuration

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
AT90S2313 AVR Enhanced RISC Microcontroller CPU
The AT90S2313 AVR RISC microcontroller is upward compatible with the AVR Enhanced RISC Architecture. The programs written for the AT90S2313 MCU are fully compatible with the range of AVR 8-bit MCUs (AT90Sxxxx) with respect to source code and clock cycles for execution.

Architectural Overview
The fast-access register file concept contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This means that during one single clock cycle, one ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) operation is executed. Two operands are output from the register file, the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the register file - in one clock cycle. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bits indirect address register pointers for Data Space addressing - enabling efficient address calculations. One of the three address pointers is also used as the address pointer for the constant table look up function. These added function registers are the 16-bits X-register, Y-register and Z-register. The ALU supports arithmetic and logic functions between registers or between a constant and a register. Single register operations are also executed in the ALU. Figure 4 shows the AT90S2313 AVR Enhanced RISC microcontroller architecture. In addition to the register operation, the conventional memory addressing modes can be used on the register file as well. This is enabled by the fact that the register file is assigned the 32 lowermost Data Space addresses ($00 - $1F), allowing them to be accessed as though they were ordinary memory locations. The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control Registers, Timer/Counters, A/Dconverters, and other I/O functions. The I/O memory can be accessed directly, or as the Data Space locations following those of the register file, $20 - $5F. The AVR has Harvard architecture - with separate memories and buses for program and data. The program memory is accessed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is in-system downloadable Flash memory. With the relative jump and call instructions, the whole 1K address space is directly accessed. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction. During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address program counter (PC) is stored on the stack. The stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). The 8-bit stack pointer SP is read/write accessible in the I/O space. The 128 bytes data SRAM + register file and I/O registers can be easily accessed through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture. The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.

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Figure 4. The AT90S2313 AVR Enhanced RISC Architecture

Figure 5. Memory Maps

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional global interrupt enable bit in the status register. All the different interrupts have a separate interrupt vector in the interrupt vector table at the beginning of the program memory. The different interrupts have priority in accordance with their interrupt vector position. The lower the interrupt address vector the higher priority.

The General Purpose Register File
Figure 6 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose registers in the CPU.

7 R0 R1 R2 ... R13 General Purpose Working Registers R14 R15 R16 R17 ... R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 R31

0

Addr. $00 $01 $02

$0D $0E $0F $10 $11

$1A $1B $1C $1D $1E $1F

X-register low byte X-register high byte Y-register low byte Y-register high byte Z-register low byte Z-register high byte

Figure 6. AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers All the register operating instructions in the instruction set have direct and single cycle access to all registers. The only exception is the five constant arithmetic and logic instructions SBCI, SUBI, CPI, ANDI, ORI between a constant and a register and the LDI instruction for load immediate constant data. These instructions apply to the second half of the registers in the register file - R16..R31. The general SBC, SUB, CP, AND, OR and all other operations between two registers or on a single register apply to the entire register file. As shown in Figure 6, each register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping them directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although the register file is not physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in access of the registers, as the X , Y and Z registers can be set to index any register in the file.

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THE X-REGISTER, Y-REGISTER, AND Z-REGISTER The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These registers are the address pointers for indirect addressing of the Data Space. The three indirect address registers X, Y and Z are defined as:

15 X - register 7 R27 ($1B) 0 7 R26 ($1A)

0 0

15 Y - register 7 R29 ($1D) 0 7 R28 ($1C)

0 0

15 Z - register 7 R31 ($1F) 0 7 R30 ($1E)

0 0

Figure 7. The X, Y, and Z Registers In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement, automatic increment and decrement (see the descriptions for the different instructions).

The ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose working registers. Within a single clock cycle, ALU operations between registers in the register file are executed. The ALU operations are divided into three main categories - arithmetic, logic and bit-functions. Some microcontrollers in the AVR product family feature a hardware multiplier in the arithmetic part of the ALU.

The Downloadable Flash Program Memory
The AT90S2313 contains 2K bytes on-chip downloadable Flash memory for program storage. Since all instructions are 16or 32-bit words, the Flash is organized as 1K x 16. The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 1000 write/erase cycles. The AT90S2313 Program Counter PC is 10 bits wide, thus addressing the 1024 program memory addresses. See Page 3-59 for a detailed description on Flash data downloading. Constant tables must be allocated within the address 0-2K (see the LPM - Load Program Memory instruction description). See Page 3-14 for the different addressing modes.

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
The EEPROM Data Memory
The AT90S2313 contains 128 bytes of EEPROM data memory. It is organized as a separate data space, in which single bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has an endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access between the EEPROM and the CPU is described on Page 3-40 specifying the EEPROM address register, the EEPROM data register, and the EEPROM control register. For the SPI data downloading, see Page 3-64 for a detailed description.

The SRAM Data Memory
The following figure shows how the AT90S2313 Data Memory is organized:

Register File R0 R1 R2

Data Address Space $00 $01 $02

...
R29 R30 R31 I/O Registers $00 $01 $02

...
$1D $1E $1F

$20 $21 $22

...
$3D $3E $3F

...
$5D $5E $5F Internal SRAM $60 $61 $62

...
$DD $DE $DF

Figure 8. SRAM Organization The 224 Data Memory locations address the Register file, I/O Memory and the data SRAM. The first 96 locations address the Register File + I/O Memory, and the next 128 locations address the data SRAM. The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-Decrement and Indirect with Post-Increment. In the register file, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing pointer registers. The Direct addressing reaches the entire data address space. The Indirect with Displacement mode features 63 address locations reach from the base address given by the Y and Z register. When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and post-increment, the address registers X, Y and Z are used and decremented and incremented.

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The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O registers and the 128 bytes of data SRAM in the AT90S2313 are all directly accessible through all these addressing modes.

The Program and Data Addressing Modes
The AT90S2313 AVR Enhanced RISC Microcontroller supports powerful and efficient addressing modes for access to the program memory (Flash) and data memory. This section describes the different addressing modes supported by the AVR architecture. In the figures, OP means the operation code part of the instruction word. To simplify, not all figures show the exact location of the addressing bits. REGISTER DIRECT, SINGLE REGISTER RD

Figure 9. Direct Single Register Addressing The operand is contained in register d (Rd). REGISTER DIRECT, TWO REGISTERS RD AND RR

Figure 10. Direct Register Addressing, Two Registers Operands are contained in register r (Rr) and d (Rd). The result is stored in register d (Rd).

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
I/O DIRECT

Figure 11. I/O Direct Addressing Operand address is contained in 6 bits of the instruction word. n is the destination or source register address. DATA DIRECT

Figure 12. Direct Data Addressing A 16-bit Data Address is contained in the 16 LSBs of a two-word instruction. Rd/Rr specify the destination or source register. DATA INDIRECT WITH DISPLACEMENT

Figure 13. Data Indirect with Displacement Operand address is the result of the Y or Z-register contents added to the address contained in 6 bits of the instruction word.

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DATA INDIRECT

Figure 14. Data Indirect Addressing Operand address is the contents of the X, Y or the Z-register. DATA INDIRECT WITH PRE-DECREMENT

Figure 15. Data Indirect Addressing With Pre-Decrement The X , Y or the Z-register is decremented before the operation. Operand address is the decremented contents of the X, Y or the Z-register. DATA INDIRECT WITH POST-INCREMENT

Figure 16. Data Indirect Addressing With Post-Increment The X, Y or the Z-register is incremented after the operation. Operand address is the content of the X, Y or the Z-register prior to incrementing.

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
CONSTANT ADDRESSING USING THE LPM INSTRUCTION

Figure 17. Code Memory Constant Addressing Constant byte address is specified by the Z-register contents. The 15 MSBs select word address (0 - 1K), and LSB selects low byte if cleared (LSB = 0) or high byte if set (LSB = 1). INDIRECT PROGRAM ADDRESSING, IJMP AND ICALL

Figure 18. Indirect Program Memory Addressing Program execution continues at address contained by the Z-register (i.e., the PC is loaded with the content of the Z-register). RELATIVE PROGRAM ADDRESSING, RJMP AND RCALL

Figure 19. Relative Program Memory Addressing Program execution continues at address PC + k. The relative address k is in the range from -2K to +(2K - 1).

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Memory Access and Instruction Execution Timing
This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution and internal memory access. The AVR CPU is driven by the System Clock Ř, directly generated from the external clock crystal for the chip. No internal clock division is used. Figure 20 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by the Harvard architecture and the fast-access register file concept. This is the basic pipelining concept to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for functions per cost, functions per clocks, and functions per power-unit. T1 T2 T3 T4

System Clock Ř

1'st Instruction Fetch 1'st Instruction Execute 2'nd Instruction Fetch 2'nd Instruction Execute 3'rd Instruction Fetch 3'rd Instruction Execute 4'th Instruction Fetch

Figure 20. The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions Figure 21 shows the internal timing concept for the register file. In a single clock cycle an ALU operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back to the destination register. T1 T2 T3 T4

System Clock Ř

Total Execution Time Register Operands Fetch ALU Operation Execute Store Result in Register

Figure 21. Single Cycle ALU Operation

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
The internal data SRAM access is performed in two System Clock cycles as described in Figure 22. T1 T2 T3 T4

System Clock Ř

Internal Address Bus Internal Read Signal

Internal Data Bus (read) Internal Write Signal Internal Data Bus (write) Figure 22. On-Chip Data SRAM Access Cycles

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I/O Memory
The I/O space definition of the AT90S2313 is shown in the following table: Table 1. AT90S2313 I/O Space
Address Hex $3F ($5F) $3D ($5D) $3B ($5B) $3A ($5A) $39 ($59) $38 ($58) $35 ($55) $33 ($53) $32 ($52) $2F ($4F) $2E ($4E) $2D ($4D) $2C ($4C) $2B ($4B) $2A ($4A) $25 ($45) $24 ($44) $21 ($41) $1E ($3E) $1D ($3D) $1C ($3C) $18 ($38) $17 ($37) $16 ($36) $12 ($32) $11 ($31) $10 ($30) $0C ($2C) $0B ($2B) $0A ($2A) $09 ($29) $08 ($28) Name SREG SPL GIMSK GIFR TIMSK TIFR MCUCR TCCR0 TCNT0 TCCR1A TCCR1B TCNT1H TCNT1L OCR1H OCR1L ICR1H ICR1L WDTCR EEAR EEDR EECR PORTB DDRB PINB PORTD DDRD PIND UDR USR UCR UBRR ACSR Function Status REGister Stack Pointer Low General Interrupt MaSK register General Interrupt Flag Register Timer/Counter Interrupt MaSK register Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag register MCU general Control Register Timer/Counter 0 Control Register Timer/Counter 0 (8-bit) Timer/Counter 1 Control Register A Timer/Counter 1 Control Register B Timer/Counter 1 High Byte Timer/Counter 1 Low Byte Output Compare Register 1 High Byte Output Compare Register 1 Low Byte T/C 1 Input Capture Register High Byte T/C 1 Input Capture Register Low Byte Watchdog Timer Control Register EEPROM Address Register EEPROM Data Register EEPROM Control Register Data Register, Port B Data Direction Register, Port B Input Pins, Port B Data Register, Port D Data Direction Register, Port D Input Pins, Port D UART I/O Data Register UART Status Register UART Control Register UART Baud Rate Register Analog Comparator Control and Status Register

Note:

Reserved and unused locations are not shown in the table.

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
All the different AT90S2313 I/O and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. The different I/O locations are accessed by the IN and OUT instructions transferring data between the 32 general purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O registers within the address range $00 - $1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. Refer to the instruction set chapter for more details. When using the I/O specific commands, IN, OUT,SBIS and SBIC, the I/O addresses $00 - $3F must be used. When addressing I/O registers as SRAM, $20 must be added to this address. All I/O register addresses throughout this document are shown with the SRAM address in parentheses. The different I/O and peripherals control registers are explained in the following sections. THE STATUS REGISTER - SREG The AVR status register - SREG - at I/O space location $3F ($5F) is defined as:
Bit $3F ($5F) Read/Write Initial value 7 I R/W 0 6 T R/W 0 5 H R/W 0 4 S R/W 0 3 V R/W 0 2 N R/W 0 1 Z R/W 0 0 C R/W 0 SREG

Bit 7 - I : Global Interrupt Enable:

The global interrupt enable bit must be set (one) for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual interrupt enable control is then performed in the interrupt mask registers - GIMSK and TIMSK. If the global interrupt enable register is cleared (zero), none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the GIMSK and TIMSK values. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and is set by the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts.
Bit 6 - T : Bit Copy Storage:

The bit copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T bit as source and destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the register file can be copied into T by the BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the register file by the BLD instruction.
Bit 5 - H : Half Carry Flag:

The half carry flag H indicates a half carry in some arithmetic operations. See the Instruction Set Description for detailed information.
Bit 4 - S : Sign Bit, S = N V :

The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the negative flag N and the two's complement overflow flag V. See the Instruction Set Description for detailed information.
Bit 3 - V : Two's Complement Overflow Flag:

The two's complement overflow flag V supports two's complement arithmetics. See the Instruction Set Description for detailed information.
Bit 2 - N : Negative Flag:

The negative flag N indicates a negative result after the different arithmetic and logic operations. See the Instruction Set Description for detailed information.
Bit 1 - Z : Zero Flag:

The zero flag Z indicates a zero result after the different arithmetic and logic operations. See the Instruction Set Description for detailed information.
Bit 0 - C : Carry Flag:

The carry flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the Instruction Set Description for detailed information.

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THE STACK POINTER - SP An 8-bit register at I/O address $3D ($5D) forms the stack pointer of the AT90S2313. 8 bits are used to address the 128 bytes of SRAM in locations $60 - $DF.
Bit $3D ($5D) Read/Write Initial value 7 SP7 R/W 0 6 SP6 R/W 0 5 SP5 R/W 0 4 SP4 R/W 0 3 SP3 R/W 0 2 SP2 R/W 0 1 SP1 R/W 0 0 SP0 R/W 0 SPL

The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt Stacks are located. This Stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the program before any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack Pointer is decremented by one when data is pushed onto the Stack with the PUSH instruction, and it is decremented by two when data is pushed onto the Stack with subroutine CALL and interrupt. The Stack Pointer is incremented by one when data is popped from the Stack with the POP instruction, and it is incremented by two when data is popped from the Stack with return from subroutine RET or return from interrupt IRET.

Reset and Interrupt Handling
The AT90S2313 provides 10 different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate reset vector, each have a separate program vector in the program memory space. All the interrupts are assigned individual enable bits which must be set (one) together with the I-bit in the status register in order to enable the interrupt. The lowest addresses in the program memory space are automatically defined as the Reset and Interrupt vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in Table 2. The list also determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the address the higher is the priority level. RESET has the highest priority, and next is INT0 - the External Interrupt Request 0, etc. Table 2. Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Vector No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Program Address $000 $001 $002 $003 $004 $005 $006 $007 $008 $009 $00A Source RESET INT0 INT1 TIMER1 CAPT1 TIMER1 COMP1 TIMER1 OVF1 TIMER0, OVF0 UART, RX UART, UDRE UART, TX ANA_COMP Interrupt Definition Hardware Pin and Watchdog Reset External Interrupt Request 0 External Interrupt Request 1 Timer/Counter1 Capture Event Timer/Counter1 Compare Match Timer/Counter1 Overflow Timer/Counter0 Overflow UART, Rx Complete UART Data Register Empty UART, Tx Complete Analog Comparator

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
The most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses are:
Address $000 $001 $002 $003 $004 $005 $006 $007 $008 $009 $00a ; $00b ... MAIN: ... ... xxx ... ; Main program start Labels Code rjmp RESET rjmp EXT_INT0 rjmp EXT_INT1 rjmp TIM_CAPT1 rjmp TIM_COMP1 rjmp TIM_OVF1 rjmp TIM_OVF0 rjmp UART_RXC rjmp UART_DRE rjmp UART_TXC rjmp ANA_COMP Comments ; Reset Handle ; IRQ0 Handle ; IRQ1 Handle ; Timer1 capture Handle ; Timer1 compare Handle ; Timer1 overflow Handle ; Timer0 overflow Handle ; UART RX Complete Handle ; UDR Empty Handle ; UART TX Complete Handle ; Analog Comparator Handle

RESET SOURCES The AT90S2313 has three sources of reset: ˇ Power-On Reset. The MCU is reset when a supply voltage is applied to the V CC and GND pins. ˇ External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET pin for more than two XTAL cycles ˇ Watchdog Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog timer period expires and the Watchdog is enabled. During reset, all I/O registers are then set to their initial values, and the program starts execution from address $000. The instruction placed in address $000 must be an RJMP - relative jump - instruction to the reset handling routine. If the program never enables an interrupt source, the interrupt vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these locations. The circuit diagram in Figure 23 shows the reset logic. Table 3 defines the timing and electrical parameters of the reset circuitry.

Figure 23. Reset Logic

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Table 3. Reset Characteristics (VCC = 5.0V)
Symbol VPOT VRST tPOR tTOUT tTOUT Parameter Power-On Reset Threshold Voltage RESET Pin Threshold Voltage Power-On Reset Period Reset Delay Time-Out Period FSTRT Unprogrammed Reset Delay Time-Out Period FSTRT Programmed 2 11 1.0 Min 1.8 Typ 2 VCC/2 3 16 1.1 4 21 1.2 Max 2.2 Units V V ms ms ms

POWER-ON RESET A Power-On Reset (POR) circuit ensures that the device is not started until VCC has reached a safe level. As shown in Figure 23, an internal timer is clocked from the Watchdog timer. This timer prevents the MCU from starting until after a certain period after VCC has reached the Power-On Threshold voltage - VPOT. See Figure 24 and Figure 25. The total reset period is the Power-On Reset period - t POR + the Delay Time-out period - tTOUT. The FSTRT fuse bit in the Flash can be programmed to give a shorter start-up time if a ceramic resonator or any other fast-start oscillator is used to clock the MCU. As the RESET pin is pulled high by an on-chip resistor, the pin can be left unconnected if no external reset is required. Connecting RESET to VCC will have the same effect. By holding the RESET pin low for a period after VCC has been applied, the Power-On Reset period can be extended. Refer to Figure 26 for a timing example on this.

Figure 24. MCU Start-Up, RESET Tied to VCC or Unconnected. Rapidly Rising VCC

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313

Figure 25. MCU Start-Up, RESET Tied to VCC or Unconnected. Slowly Rising VCC

Figure 26. MCU Start-Up, RESET Controlled Externally

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EXTERNAL RESET An external reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin. The RESET pin must be held low for at least two crystal clock cycles. When reaches the Reset Threshold Voltage - VRST on its positive edge, the delay timer starts the MCU after the Time-out period tTOUT has expired.

Figure 27. External Reset During Operation WATCHDOG RESET When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a short reset pulse of 1 XTAL cycle duration. On the falling edge of this pulse, the delay timer starts counting the Time-out period tTOUT . Refer to Page 3-39 for details on operation of the Watchdog.

Figure 28. Watchdog Reset During Operation INTERRUPT HANDLING The AT90S2313 has two 8-bit Interrupt Mask control registers; GIMSK - General Interrupt Mask register and TIMSK Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask register. When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared (zero) and all interrupts are disabled. The user software can set (one) the I-bit to enable interrupts. The I-bit is set (one) when a Return from Interrupt instruction - RETI - is executed. For Interrupts triggered by events that can remain static (e.g. the Output Compare register1 matching the value of Timer/ Counter1) the interrupt flag is set when the event occurs. If the interrupt flag is cleared and the interrupt condition persists, the flag will not be set until the event occurs the next time. When the Program Counter is vectored to the actual interrupt vector in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, hardware clears the corresponding flag that generated the interrupt. Some of the interrupt flags can also be cleared by writing a logic one to the flag bit position(s) to be cleared.

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
THE GENERAL INTERRUPT MASK REGISTER - GIMSK
Bit $3B ($5B) Read/Write Initial value 7 INT1 R/W 0 6 INT0 R/W 0 5 R 0 4 R 0 3 R 0 2 R 0 1 R 0 0 R 0 GIMSK

Bit 7 - INT1 : External Interrupt Request 1 Enable:

When the INT1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), the external pin interrupt is activated. The Interrupt Sense Control1 bits 1/0 (ISC11 and ISC10) in the MCU general Control Register (MCUCR) defines whether the external interrupt is activated on rising or falling edge of the INT1 pin or level sensed. Activity on the pin will cause an interrupt request even if INT1 is configured as an output. The corresponding interrupt of External Interrupt Request 1 is executed from program memory address $002. See also "external Interrupts".
Bit 6 - INT0 : External Interrupt Request 0 Enable:

When the INT0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), the external pin interrupt is activated. The Interrupt Sense Control0 bits 1/0 (ISC01 and ISC00) in the MCU general Control Register (MCUCR) defines whether the external interrupt is activated on rising or falling edge of the INT0 pin or level sensed. Activity on the pin will cause an interrupt request even if INT0 is configured as an output. The corresponding interrupt of External Interrupt Request 0 is executed from program memory address $001. See also "External Interrupts."
Bits 5..0 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero. THE GENERAL INTERRUPT FLAG REGISTER - GIFR
Bit $3A ($5A) Read/Write Initial value 7 INTF1 R/W 0 6 INTF0 R/W 0 5 R 0 4 R 0 3 R 0 2 R 0 1 R 0 0 R 0 GIMSK

Bit 7 - INTF1 : External Interrupt Flag1:

When an event on the INT1 pin triggers an interrupt request, INTF1 becomes set (one). If the I-bit in SREG and the INT1 bit in GIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the interrupt vector at address $002. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
Bit 6 - INTF0 : External Interrupt Flag0:

When an event on the INT0 pin triggers an interrupt request, INTF0 becomes set (one). If the I-bit in SREG and the INT0 bit in GIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the interrupt vector at address $001. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
Bits 5..0 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero. THE TIMER/COUNTER INTERRUPT MASK REGISTER - TIMSK
Bit $39 ($59) Read/Write Initial value 7 TOIE1 R/W 0 6 OCIE1A R/W 0 5 R 0 4 R 0 3 TICIE1 R/W 0 2 R 0 1 TOIE0 R/W 0 0 R 0 TIMSK

Bit 7 - TOIE1 : Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt Enable:

When the TOIE1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the Timer/Counter1 Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt (at vector $005) is executed if an overflow in Timer/Counter1 occurs. The Overflow Flag (Timer/Counter1) is set (one) in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register - TIFR. When Timer/Counter1 is in PWM mode, the Timer Overflow flag is set when the counter changes counting direction at $0000.

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Bit 6 - OCIE1A :Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match Interrupt Enable:

When the OCIE1A bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the Timer/Counter1 Compare Match interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt (at vector $004) is executed if a Compare match in Timer/Counter1 occurs. The Compare Flag in Timer/Counter1 is set (one) in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register - TIFR.
Bit 5,4 - Res :Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read zero.
Bit 3 - TICIE1 : Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Interrupt Enable:

When the TICIE1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Event Interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt (at vector $003) is executed if a capture-triggering event occurs on pin 11, PD6(ICP). The Input Capture Flag in Timer/Counter1 is set (one) in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register - TIFR.
Bit 2 - Res : Reserved bit:

This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and always reads as zero.
Bit 1 - TOIE0 : Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt Enable:

When the TOIE0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the Timer/Counter0 Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt (at vector $006) is executed if an overflow in Timer/Counter0 occurs. The Overflow Flag (Timer0) is set (one) in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register - TIFR.
Bit 0 - Res : Reserved bit:

This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and always reads as zero. THE TIMER/COUNTER INTERRUPT FLAG REGISTER - TIFR
Bit $38 ($58) Read/Write Initial value 7 TOV1 R/W 0 6 OCF1A R/W 0 5 R 0 4 R 0 3 ICF1 R/W 0 2 R 0 1 TOV0 R/W 0 0 R 0 TIFR

Bit 7 - TOV1 : Timer/Counter1 Overflow Flag:

The TOV1 is set (one) when an overflow occurs in Timer/Counter1. TOV1 is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, TOV1 is cleared by writing a logical one to the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, and TOIE1 (Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt Enable), and TOV1 are set (one), the Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt is executed. In PWM mode, this bit is set when Timer/Counter1 changes counting direction at $0000.
Bit 6 - OCF1A : Output Compare Flag 1A:

The OCF1A bit is set (one) when compare match occurs between the Timer/Counter1 and the data in OCR1A - Output Compare Register1 A. OCF1A is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCF1A is cleared by writing a logical one to the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, and OCIE1A (Timer/Counter1 Compare match Interrupt Enable), and the OCF1A is set (one), the Timer/Counter1 Compare match Interrupt is executed.
Bits 5, 4 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read zero.
Bit 3 - ICF1 : - Input Capture Flag 1:

The ICF1 bit is set (one) to flag an input capture event, indicating that the Timer/Counter1 value has been transferred to the input capture register - ICR1. ICF1 is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, ICF1 is cleared by writing a logical one to the flag.
Bit 2 - Res : Reserved bit:

This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and always reads zero.

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
Bit 1 - TOV0 : Timer/Counter0 Overflow Flag:

The bit TOV0 is set (one) when an overflow occurs in Timer/Counter0. TOV0 is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, TOV0 is cleared by writing a logical one to the flag. When the SREG I-bit, and TOIE0 (Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt Enable), and TOV0 are set (one), the Timer/Counter0 Overflow interrupt is executed.
Bit 0 - Res : Reserved bit:

This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and always reads zero. EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS The external interrupts are triggered by the INT1 and INT0 pins.Observe that, if enabled, the interrupts will trigger even if the INT0/INT1 pins are configured as outputs. This feature provides a way of generating a software interrupt. The external interrupts can be triggered by a falling or rising edge or a low level. This is set up as indicated in the specification for the MCU Control Register - MCUCR. When the external interrupt is enabled and is configured as level triggered, the interrupt will trigger as long as the pin is held low. The external interrupts are set up as described in the specification for the MCU Control Register - MCUCR. INTERRUPT RESPONSE TIME The interrupt execution response for all the enabled AVR interrupts is 4 clock cycles minimum. After the 4 clock cycles the program vector address for the actual interrupt handling routine is executed. During this 4 clock cycle period, the Program Counter (2 bytes) is pushed onto the Stack, and the Stack Pointer is decremented by 2. The vector is a relative jump to the interrupt routine, and this jump takes 2 clock cycles. If an interrupt occurs during execution of a multi-cycle instruction, this instruction is completed before the interrupt is served. A return from an interrupt handling routine takes 4 clock cycles. During these 4 clock cycles, the Program Counter (2 bytes) is popped back from the Stack, and the Stack Pointer is incremented by 2. When AVR exits from an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one more instruction before any pending interrupt is served. Note that the Status Register - SREG - is not handled by the AVR hardware, neither for interrupts nor for subroutines. For the routines requiring a storage of the SREG, this must be performed by user software. THE MCU CONTROL REGISTER - MCUCR The MCU Control Register contains control bits for general MCU functions.
Bit $35 ($55) Read/Write Initial value 7 R 0 6 R 0 5 SE R/W 0 4 SM R/W 0 3 ISC11 R/W 0 2 ISC10 R/W 0 1 ISC01 R/W 0 0 ISC00 R/W 0 MCUCR

Bits 7, 6 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read as zero.
Bit 5 - SE : Sleep Enable:

The SE bit must be set (one) to make the MCU enter the sleep mode when the SLEEP instruction is executed. To avoid the MCU entering the sleep mode unless it is the programmers purpose, it is recommended to set the Sleep Enable SE bit just before the execution of the SLEEP instruction.
Bit 4 - SM : Sleep Mode:

This bit selects between the two available sleep modes. When SM is cleared (zero), Idle Mode is selected as Sleep Mode. When SM is set (one), Power Down mode is selected as sleep mode. For details, refer to the paragraph "Sleep Modes" below.
Bits 3, 2 - ISC11, ISC10 : Interrupt Sense Control 1 bit 1 and bit 0:

The External Interrupt 1 is activated by the external pin INT1 if the SREG I-flag and the corresponding interrupt mask in the GIMSK register is set. The level and edges on the external INT1 pin that activate the interrupt are defined in the following table:

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Table 4. Interrupt 1 Sense Control
ISC11 0 0 1 1 ISC10 0 1 0 1 Description The low level of INT1 generates an interrupt request. Reserved The falling edge of INT1 generates an interrupt request. The rising edge of INT1 generates an interrupt request.

Note:

When changing the ISC11/ISC10 bits, INT1 must be disabled by clearing its Interrupt Enable bit in the GIMSK Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when the bits are changed.

Bits 1, 0 - ISC01, ISC00 : Interrupt Sense Control 0 bit 1 and bit 0:

The External Interrupt 0 is activated by the external pin INT0 if the SREG I-flag and the corresponding interrupt mask is set. The level and edges on the external INT0 pin that activate the interrupt are defined in the following table: Table 5.. Interrupt 0 Sense Control
ISC01 0 0 1 1 ISC00 0 1 0 1 Description The low level of INT0 generates an interrupt request. Reserved The falling edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request. The rising edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request.

Notes:

When changing the ISC10/ISC00 bits, INT0 must be disabled by clearing its Interrupt Enable bit in the GIMSK Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when the bits are changed.

Sleep Modes
To enter the sleep modes, the SE bit in MCUCR must be set (one) and a SLEEP instruction must be executed. If an enabled interrupt occurs while the MCU is in a sleep mode, the MCU awakes, executes the interrupt routine, and resumes execution from the instruction following SLEEP. The contents of the register file, SRAM and I/O memory are unaltered. If a reset occurs during sleep mode, the MCU wakes up and executes from the Reset vector. Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from power down, the low level must be held for a time longer than the oscillator start-up time of 16 ms. Otherwise, the interrupt flag may return to zero before the MCU starts executing. IDLE MODE When the SM bit is cleared (zero), the SLEEP instruction forces the MCU into the Idle Mode stopping the CPU but allowing Timer/Counters, Watchdog and the interrupt system to continue operating. This enables the MCU to wake up from external triggered interrupts as well as internal ones like Timer Overflow interrupt and watchdog reset. If wakeup from the Analog Comparator interrupt is not required, the analog comparator can be powered down by setting the ACD-bit in the Analog Comparator Control and Status register - ACSR. This will reduce power consumption during Idle Mode. POWER DOWN MODE When the SM bit is set (one), the SLEEP instruction forces the MCU into the Power Down Mode. In this mode, the external oscillator is stopped. The user can select whether the watchdog shall be enabled during power-down mode. If the watchdog is enabled, it will wake up the MCU when the Watchdog Time-out period expires. If the watchdog is disabled, only an external reset or an external level triggered interrupt can wake up the MCU.

Timer / Counters
The AT90S2313 provides two general purpose Timer/Counters - one 8-bit T/C and one 16-bit T/C. The Timer/Counters have individual prescaling selection from the same 10-bit prescaling timer. Both Timer/Counters can either be used as a timer with an internal clock timebase or as a counter with an external pin connection which triggers the counting.

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
The Timer/Counter Prescaler
Figure 29 shows the general Timer/Counter prescaler.

Figure 29. Timer/Counter Prescaler The four different prescaled selections are: CK/8, CK/64, CK/256 and CK/1024 where CK is the oscillator clock. For the two Timer/Counters, added selections as CK, external source and stop, can be selected as clock sources.

The 8-Bit Timer/Counter0
Figure 30 shows the block diagram for Timer/Counter0. The 8-bit Timer/Counter0 can select clock source from CK, prescaled CK, or an external pin. In addition it can be stopped as described in the specification for the Timer/Counter0 Control Register - TCCR0. The overflow status flag is found in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register - TIFR. Control signals are found in the Timer/Counter0 Control Register - TCCR0. The interrupt enable/disable settings for Timer/Counter0 are found in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register - TIMSK. When Timer/Counter0 is externally clocked, the external signal is synchronized with the oscillator frequency of the CPU. To assure proper sampling of the external clock, the minimum time between two external clock transitions must be at least one internal CPU clock period. The external clock signal is sampled on the rising edge of the internal CPU clock. The 8-bit Timer/Counter0 features both a high resolution and a high accuracy usage with the lower prescaling opportunities. Similarly, the high prescaling opportunities make the Timer/Counter0 useful for lower speed functions or exact timing functions with infrequent actions.

3-31

Figure 30. Timer/Counter 0 Block Diagram THE TIMER/COUNTER0 CONTROL REGISTER - TCCR0
Bit $33 ($53) Read/Write Initial value 7 R 0 6 R 0 5 R 0 4 R 0 3 R 0 2 CS02 R/W 0 1 CS01 R/W 0 0 CS00 R/W 0 TCCR0

Bits 7..3 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read zero.
Bits 2,1,0 - CS02, CS01, CS00 : Clock Select0, bit 2,1 and 0:

The Clock Select0 bits 2,1 and 0 define the prescaling source of Timer0. Table 6. Clock 0 Prescale Select
CS02 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 CS01 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 CS00 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Description Stop, the Timer/Counter0 is stopped. CK CK / 8 CK / 64 CK / 256 CK / 1024 External Pin T0, falling edge External Pin T0, rising edge

The Stop condition provides a Timer Enable/Disable function. The CK down divided modes are scaled directly from the CK oscillator clock. If the external pin modes are used, the corresponding setup must be performed in the actual data direction control register (cleared to zero gives an input pin).

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313

THE TIMER COUNTER 0 - TCNT0
Bit $32 ($52) Read/Write Initial value 7 MSB R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LSB R/W 0 TCNT0

The Timer/Counter0 is realized as an up-counter with read and write access. If the Timer/Counter0 is written and a clock source is present, the Timer/Counter0 continues counting in the timer clock cycle following the write operation.

The 16-Bit Timer/Counter1
Figure 31 shows the block diagram for Timer/Counter1.

Figure 31. Timer/Counter1 Block Diagram The 16-bit Timer/Counter1 can select clock source from CK, prescaled CK, or an external pin. In addition it can be stopped as described in the specification for the Timer/Counter1 Control Register - TCCR1A. The different status flags (overflow, compare match and capture event) and control signals are found in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register - TIFR. The interrupt enable/disable settings for Timer/Counter1 are found in the Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register - TIMSK.

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When Timer/Counter1 is externally clocked, the external signal is synchronized with the oscillator frequency of the CPU. To assure proper sampling of the external clock, the minimum time between two external clock transitions must be at least one internal CPU clock period. The external clock signal is sampled on the rising edge of the internal CPU clock. The 16-bit Timer/Counter1 features both a high resolution and a high accuracy usage with the lower prescaling opportunities. Similarly, the high prescaling opportunities makes the Timer/Counter1 useful for lower speed functions or exact timing functions with infrequent actions. The Timer/Counter1 supports an Output Compare function using the Output Compare Register 1A - OCR1A as the data source to be compared to the Timer/Counter1 contents. The Output Compare functions include optional clearing of the counter on compare matches, and actions on the Output Compare pin 1 on compare matches. Timer/Counter1 can also be used as a 8, 9 or 10-bit Pulse With Modulator. In this mode the counter and the OCR1 register serve as a glitch-free stand-alone PWM with centered pulses. Refer to Page 3-38 for a detailed description on this function. The Input Capture function of Timer/Counter1 provides a capture of the Timer/Counter1 contents to the Input Capture Register - ICR1, triggered by an external event on the Input Capture Pin - ICP. The actual capture event settings are defined by the Timer/Counter1 Control Register - TCCR1. The Timer/Counter1 input capture noise canceler block diagram is shown in Figure 32.

Figure 32. The Input Capture Noise Canceler If the noise canceler function is enabled, the actual trigger condition for the capture event is monitored over 4 samples before the capture is activated. The input pin signal is sampled at XTAL clock frequency.

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
THE TIMER/COUNTER1 CONTROL REGISTER A - TCCR1A
Bit $2F ($4F) Read/Write Initial value 7 COM1A1 R/W 0 6 COM1A0 R/W 0 5 R 0 4 R 0 3 R 0 2 R 0 1 PWM11 R/W 0 0 PWM10 R/W 0 TCCR1A

Bits 7,6 - COM1A1, COM1A0 : Compare Output Mode1, bits 1 and 0:

The COM1A1 and COM1A0 control bits determine any output pin action following a compare match in Timer/Counter1. Any output pin actions affect pin OC1 - Output Compare pin 1. Since this is an alternative function to an I/O port, the corresponding direction control bit must be set (one) to control an output pin. The control configuration is shown in Table 7. Table 7. Compare 1 Mode Select
COM1A1 0 0 1 1 COM1A0 0 1 0 1 Description Timer/Counter1 disconnected from output pin OC1 Toggle the OC1 output line. Clear the OC1 output line (to zero). Set the OC1 output line (to one).

In PWM mode, these bits have a different function. Refer to Table 11 for a detailed description. When changing the COM1A1/COM1A0 bits, Output Compare Interrupt 1A must be disabled by clearing its Interrupt Enable bit in the TIMSK Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when the bits are changed.
Bits 5..2 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read zero.
Bits 1,0 - PWM11, PWM10 : Pulse Width Modulator Select Bits:

These bits select PWM operation of Timer/Counter1 as specified in Table 8 . This mode is described on Page 3-38. Table 8. PWM Mode Select
PWM11 0 0 1 1 PWM10 0 1 0 1 Description PWM operation of Timer/Counter1 is disabled Timer/Counter1 is an 8-bit PWM Timer/Counter1 is a 9-bit PWM Timer/Counter1 is a 10-bit PWM

THE TIMER/COUNTER1 CONTROL REGISTER B - TCCR1B
Bit $2E ($4E) Read/Write Initial value 7 ICNC1 R/W 0 6 ICES1 R/W 0 5 R 0 4 R 0 3 CTC1 R/W 0 2 CS12 R/W 0 1 CS11 R/W 0 0 CS10 R/W 0 TCCR1B

Bit 7 - ICNC1 : Input Capture1 Noise Canceler (4 CKs):

When the ICNC1 bit is cleared (zero), the input capture trigger noise canceler function is disabled. The input capture is triggered at the first rising/falling edge sampled on the ICP - input capture pin - as specified. When the ICNC1 bit is set (one), four successive samples are measures on the ICP - input capture pin, and all samples must be high/low according to the input capture trigger specification in the ICES1 bit. The actual sampling frequency is the XTAL clock frequency.

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Bit 6 - ICES1 : Input Capture1 Edge Select:

While the ICES1 bit is cleared (zero), the Timer/Counter1 contents are transferred to the Input Capture Register - ICR1 - on the falling edge of the input capture pin - ICP. While the ICES1 bit is set (one), the Timer/Counter1 contents are transferred to the Input Capture Register - ICR1 - on the rising edge of the input capture pin - ICP.
Bits 5, 4 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and always read zero.
Bit 3 - CTC1 : Clear Timer/Counter1 on Compare match:

When the CTC1 control bit is set (one), the Timer/Counter1 is reset to $0000 in the clock cycle after a compare match. If the CTC1 control bit is cleared, the Timer/Counter1 continues counting until it is stopped, cleared, wraps around (overflow) or changes direction. In PWM mode, this bit has no effect.
Bits 2,1,0 - CS12, CS11, CS10 : Clock Select1, bit 2,1 and 0:

The Clock Select1 bits 2,1 and 0 define the prescaling source of Timer/Counter1. Table 9. Clock 1 Prescale Select
CS12 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 CS11 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 CS10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Description Stop, the Timer/Counter1 is stopped. CK CK / 8 CK / 64 CK / 256 CK / 1024 External Pin T1, falling edge External Pin T1, rising edge

The Stop condition provides a Timer Enable/Disable function. The CK down divided modes are scaled directly from the CK oscillator clock. If the external pin modes are used, the corresponding setup must be performed in the actual direction control register (cleared to zero gives an input pin). THE TIMER/COUNTER1 - TCNT1H AND TCNT1L
Bit $2D ($4D) $2C ($4C) 7 Read/Write R/W R/W Initial value 0 0 6 R/W R/W 0 0 5 R/W R/W 0 0 4 R/W R/W 0 0 3 R/W R/W 0 0 2 R/W R/W 0 0 1 R/W R/W 0 0 15 MSB LSB 0 R/W R/W 0 0 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 TCNT1H TCNT1L

This 16-bit register contains the prescaled value of the 16-bit Timer/Counter1. To ensure that both the high and low bytes are read and written simultaneously when the CPU accesses these registers, the access is performed using an 8-bit temporary register (TEMP).

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
ˇ TCNT1 Timer/Counter1 Write: When the CPU writes to the high byte TCNT1H, the written data is placed in the TEMP register. Next, when the CPU writes the low byte TCNT1L, this byte of data is combined with the byte data in the TEMP register, and all 16 bits are written to the TCNT1 Timer/Counter1 register simultaneously. Consequently, the high byte TCNT1H must be accessed first for a full 16-bit register write operation. ˇ TCNT1 Timer/Counter1 Read: When the CPU reads the low byte TCNT1L, the data of the low byte TCNT1L is sent to the CPU and the data of the high byte TCNT1H is placed in the TEMP register. When the CPU reads the data in the high byte TCNT1H, the CPU receives the data in the TEMP register. Consequently, the low byte TCNT1L must be accessed first for a full 16-bit register read operation. The Timer/Counter1 is realized as an up or up/down (in PWM mode) counter with read and write access. If Timer/Counter1 is written to and a clock source is selected, the Timer/Counter1 continues counting in the timer clock cycle after it is preset with the written value. TIMER/COUNTER1 OUTPUT COMPARE REGISTER A - OCR1AH AND OCR1AL
Bit $2B ($4B) $2A ($4A) 7 Read/Write R/W R/W Initial value 0 0 6 R/W R/W 0 0 5 R/W R/W 0 0 4 R/W R/W 0 0 3 R/W R/W 0 0 2 R/W R/W 0 0 1 R/W R/W 0 0 15 MSB LSB 0 R/W R/W 0 0 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 OCR1AH OCR1AL

The output compare register is a 16-bit read/write register. The Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Register contains the data to be continuously compared with Timer/Counter1. Actions on compare matches are specified in the Timer/Counter1 Control and Status register. Since the Output Compare Register - OCR1A - is a 16-bit register, a temporary register TEMP is used when OCR1A is written to ensure that both bytes are updated simultaneously. When the CPU writes the high byte, OCR1AH, the data is temporarily stored in the TEMP register. When the CPU writes the low byte, OCR1AL, the TEMP register is simultaneously written to OCR1AH. Consequently, the high byte OCR1AH must be written first for a full 16-bit register write operation. THE TIMER/COUNTER1 INPUT CAPTURE REGISTER - ICR1H AND ICR1L
Bit $25 ($45) $24 ($44) 7 Read/Write R R Initial value 0 0 6 R R 0 0 5 R R 0 0 4 R R 0 0 3 R R 0 0 2 R R 0 0 1 R R 0 0 15 MSB LSB 0 R R 0 0 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 ICR1H ICR1L

The input capture register is a 16-bit read-only register. When the rising or falling edge (according to the input capture edge setting - ICES1) of the signal at the input capture pin ICP - is detected, the current value of the Timer/Counter1 is transferred to the Input Capture Register - ICR1. At the same time, the input capture flag - ICF1 - is set (one). Since the Input Capture Register - ICR1 - is a 16-bit register, a temporary register TEMP is used when ICR1 is read to ensure that both bytes are read simultaneously. When the CPU reads the low byte ICR1L, the data is sent to the CPU and the data of the high byte ICR1H is placed in the TEMP register. When the CPU reads the data in the high byte ICR1H, the CPU receives the data in the TEMP register. Consequently, the low byte ICR1L must be accessed first for a full 16-bit register read operation.

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TIMER/COUNTER1 IN PWM MODE When the PWM mode is selected, Timer/Counter1 and the Output Compare Register1 - OCR1A, form a 8, 9 or 10-bit, freerunning, glitch-free and phase correct PWM with output on the PB3(OC1) pin. Timer/Counter1 acts as an up/down counter, counting up from $0000 to TOP (see Table 10), when it turns and counts down again to zero before the cycle is repeated. When the counter value matches the contents of the 8, 9 or 10 least significant bits of OCR1A, the PD1(OC1) pin is set or cleared according to the settings of the COM1A1 and COM1A0 bits in the Timer/Counter1 Control Register TCCR1. Refer to Table 11 for details. Table 10. Timer TOP Values and PWM Frequency
PWM Resolution 8-bit 9-bit 10-bit Timer TOP value $00FF (255) $01FF (511) $03FF(1023) Frequency fTC1/510 fTC1/1022 fTC1/2046

Table 11. Compare1 Mode Select in PWM Mode
COM1A1 0 0 1 1 COM1A0 0 1 0 1 Effect on OC1 Not connected Not connected Cleared on compare match, upcounting. Set on compare match, downcounting (non-inverted PWM). Cleared on compare match, downcounting. Set on compare match, upcounting (inverted PWM).

Note that in the PWM mode, the 10 least significant OCR1A bits, when written, are transferred to a temporary location. They are latched when Timer/Counter1 reaches TOP. This prevents the occurrence of odd-length PWM pulses (glitches) in the event of an unsynchronized OCR1A write. See Figure 33 for an example.

Figure 33. Effects on Unsynchronized OCR1 Latching When OCR1A contains $0000 or TOP, the output OC1 is held low or high according to the settings of COM1A1 and COM1A0. This is shown in Table 12.

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AT90S2313

Table 12. PWM Outputs OCR = $0000 or TOP
COM1A1 1 1 1 1 COM1A0 0 0 1 1 OCR1A $0000 TOP $0000 TOP Output OC1 L H H L

In PWM mode, the Timer Overflow Flag1, TOV1, is set when the counter changes direction at $0000. Timer Overflow Interrupt1 operates exactly as in normal Timer/Counter mode, i.e. it is executed when TOV1 is set provided that Timer Overflow Interrupt1 and global interrupts are enabled. This does also apply to the Timer Output Compare1 flag and interrupt.

The Watchdog Timer
The Watchdog Timer is clocked from a separate on-chip oscillator which runs at 1MHz This is the typical value at VCC = 5V. See characterization data for typical values at other VCC levels. By controlling the Watchdog Timer prescaler, the Watchdog reset interval can be adjusted from 16 to 2048 ms. The WDR - Watchdog Reset - instruction resets the Watchdog Timer. Eight different clock cycle periods can be selected to determine the reset period. If the reset period expires without another Watchdog reset, the AT90S2313 resets and executes from the reset vector. For timing details on the Watchdog reset, refer to Page 3-26. To prevent unintentional disabling of the watchdog, a special turn-off secuence must be followed when the watchdog is disabled.Refer to the description of the Watchdog Timer Control Regiter for details.

Figure 34. Watchdog Timer THE WATCHDOG TIMER CONTROL REGISTER - WDTCR
Bit $21 ($41) Read/Write Initial value 7 R 0 6 R 0 5 R 0 4 WDTTOE R/W 0 3 WDE R/W 0 2 WDP2 R/W 0 1 WDP1 R/W 0 0 WDP0 R/W 0 WDTCR

Bits 7..5 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and will always read as zero.

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Bit 4 - WDTOE : Watch Dog Turn-Off Enable:

This bit must be set (one) when the WDE bit is cleared. Otherwise, the watchdog will not be disabled. Once set, hardware will clear this bit to zero after four clock cycles. Refer to the description of the WDE bit for a watchdog disable procedure.
Bit 3 - WDE : Watch Dog Enable:

When the WDE is set (one) the Watchdog Timer is enabled, and if the WDE is cleared (zero) the Watchdog Timer function is disabled. WDE can only be cleared if the WDTOE bit is set(one). To disable an enabled watchdog timer, the following procedure must be followed: 1. In the same operation, write a logical one to WDTOE and WDE. A logcal one must be written to WDE even though it is set to one before the disable operation starts. 2. Within the next four clock cycles, write a logical 0 to WDE. This disables the watchdog.
Bits 2..0 - WDP2, WDP1, WDP0 : Watchdog Timer Prescaler 1 and 0:

The WDP2, WDP1 and WDP0 bits determine the Watchdog Timer prescaling when the Watchdog Timer is enabled. The different prescaling values and their corresponding timeout periods are shown in Table 13. Table 13. Watch Dog Timer Prescale Select (Typical Values at VCC = 5.0V)
WDP2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 WDP1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 WDP0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Timeout Period 16 ms 32 ms 64 ms 128 ms 256 ms 512 ms 1024 ms 2048 ms

EEPROM Read/Write Access
The EEPROM access registers are accessible in the I/O space. The write access time is in the range of 2.5 - 4ms, depending on the V CC voltages. A self-timing function, however, lets the user software detect when the next byte can be written. An EEPROM brown-out detection prevents writing to the EEPROM if VCC is below a certain level. In order to prevent unintentional EEPROM writes, a specific write procedure must be followed. Refer to the description of the EEPROM Control Register for details on this. When the EEPROM is read or written, the CPU is halted for two clock cycles before the next instruction is executed. THE EEPROM ADDRESS REGISTER - EEAR
Bit $1E ($3E) Read/Write Initial value 7 R 0 6 EEAR6 R/W 0 5 EEAR5 R/W 0 4 EEAR4 R/W 0 3 EEAR3 R/W 0 2 EEAR2 R/W 0 1 EEAR1 R/W 0 0 EEAR0 R/W 0 EEAR

Bit 7 - Res : Reserved bit:

This bit is a reserved bit in the AT90S2313 and will always read as zero.
Bit 6..0 - EEAR6..0 : EEPROM Address:

The EEPROM Address Register - EEAR6..0 - specifies the EEPROM address in the 128 bytes EEPROM space. The EEPROM data bytes are addressed linearly between 0 and 127.

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AT90S2313

AT90S2313
THE EEPROM DATA REGISTER - EEDR
Bit $1D ($3D) Read/Write Initial value 7 MSB R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 R/W 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LSB R/W 0 EEDR

Bit 7..0 - EEDR7..0 : EEPROM Data:

For the EEPROM write operation, the EEDR register contains the data to be written to the EEPROM in the address given by the EEAR register. For the EEPROM read operation, the EEDR contains the data read out from the EEPROM at the address given by EEAR. THE EEPROM CONTROL REGISTER - EECR
Bit $1C ($3C) Read/Write Initial value 7 R 0 6 R 0 5 R 0 4 R 0 3 R 0 2 EEMWE R/W 0 1 EEWE R/W 0 0 EERE R/W 0 EECR

Bit 7..3 - Res : Reserved bits:

These bits are reserved bits in the AT90S2313 and will always read as zero.
Bit 2 - EEMWE : EEPROM Master Write Enable:

The EEMWE bit determines whether setting EEWE to one causes the EEPROM to be written. When EEMWE is set(one) setting EEWE will write data to the EEPROM at the selected address If EEMWE is zero, setting EEWE will have no effect. When EEMWE has been set (one) by software, hardware clears the bit to zero after four clock cycles. See the description of the EEWE bit for a EEPROM write procedure.
Bit 1 - EEWE : EEPROM Write Enable:

The EEPROM Write Enable Signal EEWE is the write strobe to the EEPROM. When address and data are correctly set up, the EEWE bit must be set to write the value into the EEPROM. The EEMWE bit must be set when the logical one is written to EEWE, otherwise no EEPROM write takes place. The following procedure should be followed when writing the EEPROM (the order of steps 2 and 3 is unessential): 1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero. 2. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR (optional) 3. Write new EEPROM data to EEDR (optional) 4. Write a logical one to the EEMWE bit in EECR 5. Within four clock cycles after setting EEMWE, write a logical one to EEWE. When the write access time (typically 2.5 ms at VCC = 5V or 4 ms at VCC = 2.7V) has elapsed, the EEWE bit is cleared (zero) by hardware. The user software can poll this bit and wait for a zero before writing the next byte. When EEWE has been set, the CPU is halted for two cycles before the next instruction is executed.
Bit 0 - EERE : EEPROM Read Enable:

The EEPROM Read Enable Signal EERE is the read strobe to the EEPROM. When the correct address is set up in the EEAR register, the EERE bit must be set. When the EERE bit is cleared (zero) by hardware, requested data is found in the EEDR register. The EEPROM read access takes one instruction and there is no need to poll the EERE bit. When EERE has been set, the CPU is halted for two cycles before the next instruction is executed. The user should poll the EEWE bit before starting the read operation. If a write operation is in progress when new data or address is written to the EEPROM I/O registers, the write operation will be interrupted, and the result is undefined.

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The UART
The AT90S2313 features a full duplex Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART). The main features are: ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ Baud rate generator generates any baud rate High baud rates at low XTAL frequencies 8 or 9 bits data Noise filtering Overrun detection Framing Error detection False Start Bit detection Three separate interrupts on TX Complete, TX Data Register Empty and RX Complete

Data Transmission
A block schematic of the UART transmitter is shown in Figure 35. Data transmission is initiated by writing the data to be transmitted to the UART I/O Data Register, UDR. Data is transferred from UDR to the Transmit shift register when: ˇ A new character has been written to UDR after the stop bit f