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H
Network, Spectrum, and Impedance Evaluation of
Electronic Circuits and Components
Application Note 1308-1
HP 4395A/HP 4396B
Network/Spectrum/Impedance
Analyzer
1
Introduction After making a prototype, a review of
the circuit operation requires
With the current trends requiring measurement of the following
higher performance, smaller physical parameters: harmonics, noise,
size, lower cost, and higher reliability, transmission characteristics, and
fast cycle time is an increasingly reflection characteristics. The vector
important part of the product design. network analyzer, and the spectrum
This is true not only in the consumer, analyzer must be used for making
but also in the communication and these measurements. The HP 4395A/
data processing industries. HP 4396B Network/Spectrum/
Impedance Analyzer Family combines
As shown in Figure 1, the development three analyzer functions in one
procedure involves designing the instrument. This application note
overall architecture, evaluating describes how the HP 4395A/96B can
electronic components, building be used to contribute fast cycle time
prototypes, and evaluating circuit for product development.
performance. From the design point
of view, it is essential to measure the
impedance characteristics of
electronic components such as
capacitors, inductors, or other devices
at the actual working condition. An
impedance analyzer makes it easy.
Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4
Design Circuit Characterize Evaluate circuit
Make Circuit
Components perfomance
Inductor NA
Capacitor
Oscillator Circuit
Filter/ AMP SA
Circuit
Resonator Receiver
Transmitter
Figure 1. Circuit Development Process
2
The HP Combination the speed barrier to give you lower
Analyzers have the noise floors without sacrificing speed.
following features In addition, low phase noise provides
improved signal resolution. Option
Three analyzers in One box 1D6 (The Time Gated Spectrum
Analysis Function) performs accurate
As the name implies, the HP 4395A/ burst signal analysis for burst-
HP 4396B Network/Spectrum/ modulated signal evaluation.
Impedance Analyzer Family can As a spectrum analyzer, the HP 4395A
perform vector network, spectrum, operates from 10 Hz to 500 MHz. The
and (optional) impedance HP 4396B operates from 2 Hz to
measurements. The HP combination 1.8 GHz.
analyzer family does not compromise
vector network, spectrum, or Impedance Analyzer Performance
impedance performance. It is a
breakthrough in test instruments, When equipped with Option 010 and
giving you outstanding performance the HP 43961A, HP Combination
as a full-capability combination Analyzers can perform direct
analyzer. Precision measurements impedance measurements.
and improved efficiency are possible Measurement parameters such as |Z|,
with minimal training. Compared , C, L, Q, D and more can be
with using separate instruments, the displayed directly on the color
HP 4395A/96B will save equipment display. A built in lumped equivalent
cost and bench space. circuit function aids circuit modeling
and simulation.
Vector Network Analyzer As an Impedance Analyzer, the
Performance HP 4395A operates from 100 kHz to
500 MHz. The HP 4396B operates
The HP Combination Analyzer Family from 100 kHz to 1.8 GHz.
offers you fast measurement with
wide dynamic range. Transmission Other Useful Functions
and reflection data can be provided
with an optional Reflection/ HP IBASIC, a subset of the HP BASIC
Transmission Test Set or optional programming language, is included
S-Parameter Test Set. with the standard HP 4395A/96B.
As a vector network analyzer, the HP IBASIC is extremely powerful and
HP 4395A operates from 10 Hz to easy to use. It can be used for
500 MHz. The HP 4396B operates automated testing, analysis of
from 100 kHz to 1.8 GHz. measurement results, or control of
external equipment via HP-IB. Files
Spectrum Analyzer Performance such as instrument state files, TIFF
files, and data files can be transferred
The HP Combination Analyzers, via HP-IB to the controller/PC (host),
designed with new digital techniques, which can easily manipulate the files.
outperform traditional analog Usability and productivity are
spectrum analyzer. They feature a improved through features such as
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) digital- the DOS supported Floppy Disk
signal processing (DSP) technique for Drive, the list sweep function, the
20 to 100 times faster narrow-band marker function, as well as the limit
spectrum measurement, when line function.
compared to swept-tuned spectrum
analysis. The analyzer's stepped FFT
technique (HP 4395A: all RBWs,
HP 4396B: 1Hz to 3kHz RBW) breaks
3
Table 1. HP 4395A Major Specification
2
Network Analyzer Specification Spectrum Analyzer Specification Impedance Analyzer Specification
1
Frequency Range 10Hz to 500MHz Frequency Range 10Hz to 500MHz Frequency Range 100kHz to 500MHz
Frequency Resolution 1mHz Noise Sidebands <-104dBc/Hz typical Meas. Parameter |Z|, z, R, X, |Y|, y,
at 10kHz offset G, B, Cs, Cp, Ls, Lp, Rp,
Output Power Range -50 to15dBm Resolution Bandwidth 1Hz to 1MHz in Rs, X, D, Q, ||, x ,y
1-3-10 steps Z Accuracy 3% (typical, basic accuracy)
Dynamic Range 115dB@10Hz IFBW Dynamic Range >100dB third-order Source Level -56dBm to +9dBm(at DUT)
free dynamic range DC Bias 40 V (20 mA(max))
Dynamic Accuracy 0.05dB/0.3deg. Level Accuracy 0.8dB@50MHz (Opt.001 DC source or
Calibration full two-port Sensitivity -145dBm/Hz External DC source is
@freq. = 10MHz Compensation required.)
OPEN/SHORT/LOAD
Port Extension
Standard Features : Instrument BASIC, HP-IB port, 3.5" floppy disk drive, direct print, RAM disk, VGA Monitor Output
Optional Features : Impedance measurement (opt. 010), Time-Gated spectrum Analysis (opt. 1D6),
High-Stability Frequency Reference (opt. 1D5),
50 to 75 Spectrum Input Impedance Conversion (opt. 1D7),
DC Source(>40V, 100mA (ALC)) (opt.001)
1: 100kHz to 500MHz if using the HP 87511A/B S-parameter test set.
2: With Option 010 and the HP 43961A RF impedance test kit
Table 2. HP 4396B Major Specification
2
Network Analyzer Specification Spectrum Analyzer Specification Impedance Analyzer Specification
1
Frequency Range 100kHz to 1.8GHz Frequency Range 2Hz to 1.8GHz Frequency Range 100kHz to 1.8GHz
Frequency Resolution 1mHz Noise Sidebands <-113dBc/Hz typical Meas. Parameter |Z|, z, R, X, |Y|, y,
at 10kHz offset G, B,Cs, Cp, Ls, Lp, Rp,
Output Power Range -60 to 20dBm Resolution Bandwidth 1Hz to 3MHz in Rs, X,D, Q, ||, x ,y
1-3-10 steps Meas. range 2 to 5 k
Dynamic Range >120dB@10Hz IFBW Dynamic Range >100dB third-order Z Accuracy 3% (typical, basic accuracy)
dynamic range Source Level -66 dBm to +14 dBm
Dynamic Accuracy 0.05dB/0.3deg. Overall Level Accuracy <1.0dB (at DUT)
Calibration full two-port Sensitivity <-147dBm/Hz DC Bias 40 V (20 mA(max))
@freq. = 1GHz (External DC bias
source is required.)
Compensation OPEN/SHORT/LOAD
Port Extension
Standard Features : Instrument BASIC, HP-IB port, 3.5" floppy disk drive, direct print, RAM disk, VGA Monitor Output
Optional Features : Impedance measurement (opt. 010), Time-Gated spectrum Analysis (opt. 1D6),
High-Stability Frequency Reference (opt. 1D5),
50 to 75 Spectrum Input Impedance Conversion (opt. 1D7)
1: 300kHz to 1.8GHz if using the HP 85046A/B S-parameter test set.
2: With Option 010 and the HP 43961A RF impedance test kit
4
HP Combination Analyzer Network Evaluation for Amplifier
Family Measurement The measurement configuration for
Examples network analysis of an amplifier is
shown in Figure 3. Either an optional
The HP Combination Analyzer Family
Reflection/Transmission test set or an
is a powerful tool for effective
optional S-parameter test set is
evaluation of electronic circuit and
required to perform this analysis.
device performance. The following
shows you some measurement
examples by the HP combination
analyzers. HP 4395A/96B HP 4395A/96B
Amplifier Evaluation
Amplifier characterization requires
the evaluation of a variety of
measurement parameters via vector
network analysis as well as spectrum
analysis. Figure 2 shows the major
measurement parameters for
amplifier evaluation. HP 87512A R/T S-parameter
Test Set Test Set
Amplifier Evaluation
v SA
Noise Amplifier Amplifier
IMD under test under test
Harmonics
Spurious (1) R/T Test Set is used (2) S-Parameter Test is used
SNR
Figure 3. Measurement Configuration for Amplifier Network Analysis.
NA
Gain
Phase
Group Delay
Gain Compression
S11 & S22
Figure 2. Major Measurement
Parameters of Amplifier
Gain and Phase Measurement
The amplifier gain is defined as the
ratio of the amplifier output power
(delivered to a Z0 load) to the input
power (delivered from a Z0 source),
where (Z0) is the characteristic
impedance of the system. The
Amplifier gain is most commonly
specified as a typical or minimum
value over a specified frequency
range, while assuming that input and
output signals are in the amplifier's
linear operating range. Figure 4
shows the gain and phase
measurement result of an amplifier.
Figure 4. Gain/Phase of the Amplifier
5
Gain Compression Measurement
The amplifier gain at a single
frequency is based on ideally linear
performance between the input
power and the output power. The
real amplifier gain is nonlinear. The
output power becomes saturated
even if the input power is increased.
The most common measurement of
amplifier compression is the 1-dB
compression point. This is defined as
the input power which results in a
1-dB decrease in amplifier gain. The
easiest way to measure the 1-dB
compression point is to directly
display normalized gain (ratio
between the reference channel and
the test channel).
Figure 5 shows the gain compression Figure 5. Gain Compression of Amplifier
measurement result (normalized
gain). The flat part of the trace is
linear, and the curved part (of the Return Loss (S11, S22) drift from the ideal characteristic
right side) corresponds to Measurement impedance depending on frequency.
compression caused by higher input This change in characteristic
When S11, S22, or Return loss are impedance will cause reflections. The
power. The HP Combination
measured, either the Reflection/
Analyzers have the ability to do indicated reflection parameters are
Transmission Test Set or the
power sweeps where the maximum the reflection coefficient (Gamma (S11
S-Parameter test set is required (as
range is 20 dB. The marker function or S22)) and return loss(Rl). The
shown in Figure 3). return loss is calculated by using the
can easily indicate the 1-dB decrease
point. These functions help you to following formula.
The input and output in a high
evaluate the gain compression of the
frequency circuit are matched with a
amplifier easily. Rl = -20