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USERS Part No. 070-4730-00
TEK MANUAL Product Group 61

r--1 0 SeriesSoftware
h.~;.ti-User
Development
Unit

TNIX
System
Users
Manual

TNIX Version 2

Please check for change information
at the rear of this manual

Printing JUN 1983
lised AUG 1983 Tektronix
COMMllTHI 1111 'CIIII NCt
LIMITED RIGHTS LEGEND

Software License No.

Contractor: Tektronix, Inc.
Explanation of Limited Rights Data Identification Method
Used: Entire document subject to limited rights.

Those portions of this technical data indicated as limited rights data shall not,
without the written permission of the above Tektronix, be either (a) used,
released or disclosed in whole or in part outside the Customer, (b) used in whole
or in part by the Customer for manufacture or, in the case of computer software
documentation, for preparing the same or similar computer software, or (c) used
by a party other than the Customer, except for: (i) emergency repair or overhaul
work only, by or for the Customer, where the item or process concerned is not
otherwise reasonably available to enable timely performance of the work, provid-
ed that the release or disclosure hereof outside the Customer shall be made
subject to a prohibition against further use, release or disclosure; or (ii) release to
a foreign government, as the interest of the United States may require, only for
information or evaluation within such government or for emergency repair or
overhaul work by or for such government under the conditions of (i) above. This
legend, together with the indications of the portions of this data which are subject
to such limitations shall be included on any reproduction hereof which includes
any part of the portions subject to such limitations.

RESTRICTED RIGHTS IN SOFTWARE

The software described in this document is licensed software and subject to
restricted rights. The software may be used with the computer for which or with
which it was acquired. The software may be used with a backup computer if the
computer for which or with which it was acquired is inoperative. The software
may be copied for archive or backup purposes. The software may be modified or
combined with other software, subject to the provision that those portions of the
derivative software incorporating restricted rights software are subject to the
same restricted rights.

Copyright ~ 1983 Tektronix; Inc. All rights reserved. Contents of this publication
may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of Tektronix,
Inc.

Products of Tektronix, Inc. and its subsidiaries are covered by U.S. and foreign
patents and/or pending patents.

TEKTRONIX, TEK, SCOPE-MOBILE, and 8
are registered trademarks of
Tektronix, Inc. TELEQUIPMENT is a registered trademark of Tektronix U.K.
Limited.

Printed in U.S.A. Specification and price change privileges are reserved.
8560 Series System Users

GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION

This page shows the manuals you are most likely to use with your 8560 Series system. We
recommend that you acquaint yourself with each of these manuals. (You probably won't read any
manual all the way through, but we do suggest that you acquire a general idea of which informa-
tion is contained in which manual.) Section 1 of each manual contains pointers to the rest of the
information in the manual.

This manual explains TNIX, the operating sys-
tem of your 8560 Series system, and de- 8560 Series MUSDU
scribes standard 8560 Series features. System Users Manual

This manual tells how to unpack and install
the 8560 Series system. It also explains the 8560 Series MUSDU
operations to be done by the system System Manager's
manager-the person responsible for con- Operation and
necting 8540s and 8550s and maintaining ac- Installation Guide
counts, software, and other aspects of a
multi-user system.

The TNIX operating system contains an
online "manual page" of information about 8560 Series
commands. You can show the information on Online Documentation
the terminal screen, or print it on your printer.

This optional accessory manual contains
printed versions of the online manual pages 8560 Series MUSDU
for standard TNIX commands. You may want System Reference Manual
to order this manual if you find yourself print-
ing many of the online manual pages.
4730-1

In addition to the above documentation, you may also be using manuals for other 8500 Series
instruments (8540s and 8550s) or software products. The Learning Guide of the 8560 Series
System Users Manual contains a list of user manuals for many products used with 8560 Series
systems.
8560 Series System Users

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This manual is your guide to using the 8560 and 8561 Multi-User Software Development Units.
(Unless noted otherwise, all references to the 8560 refer to the 8561 as well.) In this manual, you'll
find an overview of the 8560 system, as well as detailed information on the TNIX operating
system and all standard 8560 features.

This manual is one of several sources of information about your 8560. A companion volume, the
8560 Series System Manager's Guide, shows how to install and check out your 8560 and how to
configure workstations and peripherals around an 8560. If your 8560 system is not installed, refer
to the System Manager's Guide before you go any further. The System Manager's Guide also
shows how to perform system maintenance activities, such as creating user accounts, installing
software, and verifying disk integrity.

An optional 8560 Series System Reference Manual contains a detailed description of each TNIX
command. In addition, you can obtain online information about TNIX commands and other topics.

This System Users Manual is organized as follows:

Section 1. Learning Guide. Describes the 8560 system and helps you get started using the 8560,
the Keyshell interface, and the TNIX operating system. Also describes online help tools.

Section 2. TNIX Operating System. Describes the TNIX file system and command language.

Section 3. Operating Procedures. Describes tasks frequently performed on the 8560 and the
commands that perform those tasks.

Section 4. Shell Programming. Shows how to use the 8560's shell programming language.

Section 5. TNIX Editor. Describes the standard TNIX editor, ed.

Section 6. Maintaining Files. Explains how to use the make utility program to keep program
modules and other files up-to-date.

Section 7. Communication with 8540s and 8550s. Discusses communication between your
8560 and a TEKTRONIX 8540 Integration Unit or 8550 Microcomputer Development Lab.

Section 8. Keyshell. Describes technical information about Keyshell, a program that simplifies
the task of entering TNIX commands.

Section 9. Commands. Contains a brief summary of all standard TNIX commands.

Section 10. Error Messages. Explains error messages that may be issued by TNIX commands.

Section 11. Glossary.

Section 12. Index.

iii
8560 Series System Users

CONTENTS

Page
Section 1 LEARNING GUIDE
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-1
The 8560 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-1
During Software Development ............................................... 1-3
During Hardware/Software Integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-3
Minimum 8560 Series Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-5
8560 Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-5
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-11
Logging In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-11
Using Keyshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-12
Entering Commands Directly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-15
Tutorial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-17
For Continued Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-23

Section 2 TNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2-1
TNIX File System ........................................................... 2-1
TNIX Command Language ................................................... 2-11
Customizing Your TNIX Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2-18
Summary ................................................................. 2-21

Section 3 OPERATING PROCEDURES
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-1
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-2
Directory Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-8
File Manipulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-12
Printing and Displaying Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-20
File Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-23
Status Information .......................................................... 3-25
Communicating with Other Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-27
Useful System Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-29
Disk Operations ............................................................ 3-32

Section 4 SHELL PROGRAMMING
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-1
Program I/O Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-3
Writing Shell Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-4
Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-29
Debugging Shell Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-35
A High-Level Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-37
Shell Language Reference Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-38
Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-43

v
Contents-8560 Series System Users

Section 5 THE TNIX EDITOR
Introduction ................................................................ 5-1
Basic Tasks ................................................................ 5-1
Advanced Topics ............................................................ 5-9
Ed Reference Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-20

Section 6 MAINTAINING FILES (MAKE)
Introduction ................................................................ 6-1
The Make Process ........................ '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-2
The Makefile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-4
Invoking Make. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-11
Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-12
Reference Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-14

Section 7 COMMUNICATION WITH 8540S AND 8550S
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7-1
TERM Mode ............................................................... 7-1
System Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7-2
Establishing Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7-4
Special Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7-8
Transferring Files and Programs. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7-12

Section 8 KEYSHELL
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8-1
Keyshell and Shell Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8-1
Automatic Keyshell Invocation ................................................. 8-3
Special Keyshell Files ........................................................ 8-3
Redrawing the Keyshell Function Key Labels ...................................... 8-3
Keyshell Command History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8-4

Section 9 STANDARD TNIX COMMANDS
Introduction ................................................................ 9-1
Command Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9-1
Notation Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9-7
Commands ................................................................ 9-7

Section 10 ERROR MESSAGES

Section 11 GLOSSARY

Section 12 INDEX

vi REV AUG 1983
8560 Series System Users

Section 1
LEARNING GUIDE

Page
Introduction ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-1

The 8560 System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-1
During Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-3
During Hardware/Software Integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-3
Minimum 8560 Series Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-5
8560 Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-5
System Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-5
Software Tools .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-7
Integration and Debug Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-8
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-8

Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-11
Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-11
Logging In ................................................................ 1-11
Using Keyshell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-12
Shifted Function Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-13
Mixing Keyshell Functions with Typed Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-14
Ending Your Keyshell Session ............................................... 1-15
Entering Commands Directly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-15
General Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-15
Selecting the 8540 or 8550 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-15
Online Help Tools ........................................................ 1-16
Mistakes in Typing ................ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-16
Stopping a Program ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-16
Logging Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-17
Tutorial .................................................................. 1-17
Create a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-17
List a File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-17
Copy a File .............................................................. 1-18
View the Contents of a File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-18
Rename a File ........................................................... 1-19
Explore the File System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-19
Change Your Current Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-20
Create a Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-20
Use the Pattern-Matching Characters ......................................... 1-21
Send Output to Files Instead of the Terminal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-22
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-22

For Continued Learning . .................................................... 1-23

1-i
Contents-8S60 Series System Users

ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig.
No. Page
1-1 Role of 8560 system in product design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-2
1-2 A multi-workstation configuration for the 8560 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-4
1-3 8560 system components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-6
1-4 An 8560 network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-9
1-5 Keyshell labels and function keys on TEKTRONIX 4105M terminal . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-13
1-6 A portion of the TNIX file tree ........................................... 1-19

TABLES
Table
No. Page
1-1 Using the 8560: A Guide to Products and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-10
1-2 Keyshell Shifted Function Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-14
1-3 Summary of Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1-22

1-ii
8560 Series System Users

Section 1

LEARNING GUIDE

INTRODUCTION
This Learning Guide provides an overview of the TEKTRONIX 8560 Series Multi-User Software
Development Unit, and helps you get started accomplishing your tasks on the 8560.

NOTE
Unless noted otherwise, all references in this manual to the 8560 also refer to the
8561. In addition, the term u 8560 Series development system" refers to both the 8560
and 8561.

NOTE
This manual assumes that your 8560 has been unpacked, installed, and verified, and
that your system terminal, other peripherals, and workstations have been configured
to communicate with the 8560. If any part of your system is not ready for use, refer to
your 8560 Series System Manager's Guide for instructions. Installation should be
performed only by a qualified service technician.

This section is organized into the following topics: