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COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE
This manual supports TNIX
versions 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4.
PLEASE CHECK FOR CHANGE INFORMATION
AT THE REAR OF THIS MANUAL
8560 Series
MULTI-USER SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT UNIT
SYSTEM REFERENCE
MANUAL
TNIX VERSION 1
Tektronix, Inc.
P.O. Box 500
Beaverton, Oregon 97077 Serial Number _ _ _ _ _ __
070-3941-00 First Printing DEC 1981
Product Group 61 Revised MAR 1983
LIMITED RIGHTS LEGEND
Software License No.
Contractor: Tektronix, Inc.
Explanation of Limited .Rights Data Identification Method
Used: Entire document subject to limited rights.
Those portions of this technical data indicated as limited rights data shall not,
without the written permission of the above Tektronix, be either (a) used,
released or disclosed in whole or in part outside the Customer, (b) used in whole
or in part by the Customer for manufacture or, in the case of computer software
documentation, for preparing the same or similar computer software, or (c) used
by a party other than the Customei, except for': (I) emergency repair or overhaul
work only, by or for the Customer, where the item or process concerned is not
otherwise reasonably available to enable timely performance of the work, provid-
ed that the release or disclosure hereof outside the Customer shall be made
subject to a prohibition against further use, release or disclosure; or (ii) release to
a foreign government, as the interest of the United States may require, only for
information or evaluation within such government or for emergency repair or
overhaul work by or for such government under the conditions of (i) above. This
legend, together with the indications of the portions of this data which are subject
to such limitations shall be included on any reproduction hereof which includes
any part of the portions subject ,to such limitations.
RESTRICTED RIGHTS IN SOFTWARE
The software described in this document is licensed software and subject to
restricted rights. The software may be used with the computer for which or with
which it was acquired. The software may be used with a backup computer if the
computer for which or with which it was acquired is inoperative. The software
may be copied for archive or backup purposes. The software may be modified or
combined with other software, subject to the provision that those portions of the
derivative software incorporating restricted rights software are subject to the
same restricted rights.
Copyright cs 1981 , 1983 Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. Contents of this publi-
cation may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of
Tektronix, Inc.
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are registered trademarks of
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8560 MUSDU System Reference Manual
MANUAL REVISION STATUS
8560 MUSDU SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL (070-3941-00)
This System Users Manual supports Versions 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 of the 8560 TNIX operating
system.
I REV DATE DESCRIPTION
DEC 1981 Original Issue
NOV 1982 Replaced: pages 1-5-1-10, 1-61-1-64, 1-85, 1-86, 1-119, 1-120, 2-30, 4-3,
4-4, 5-10, 6-19-6-22, 8-6-8-9, 8-12, 8-15, 8-18, 8-19, 8-22-8-27.
NOV 1982 Added: pages 1-28a, 1-28b, 1-72a, 1-72b, 4-4a, 4-4b, 5-8a, 5-8b, 5-10a-
5-1 Of, 5-22a, 5-22b, 6-56a, 6-56b, 8-4a, 8-4b, 8-12a, 8-12b, 8-14a, 8-14b,
8-18a, 8-18b, 8-20a, 8-20b.
I MAR 1983 Replaced: pages 8-4a, 8-4b, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8, 8-14b, 8-15, 8-18b, 8-19.
I MAR 1983
, Added: pages 8-4c, a-7a, 8-7b, 8-7c, 8-7d, 8-19a, 8-19b.
ADD APR 1983
8560 MUSDU System Reference Manual
Section 0
Introduction
OVERVIEW
This manual describes the publicly available features of the TNIX operating sys-
tem. It provides a terse, easily accessed summary of commands, command
options, system calls, and other information that you may require while working
within the TNIX system. Learning guides, in-depth discussions of some of the
command processors, and other Uhow-to" types of information can be found in
the 8560 MUSDU System Users Manual. Some of the commands and program-
ming packages described in this manual are not included in the base TNIX
package, but are available as optional software packages.
This manual is divided into eight sections:
Section 1 Commands
Section 2 System Calls
Section 3 Subroutines
Section 4 Special Files
Section 5 File Formats and Conventions
Section 6 Category C Software
Section 7 Macro packages and language conventions
Section 8 System Maintenance
References to specific entries or pages in this manual are of the form
command-name(section-number). For example, uconsult ed(1) " means that
you should look up the ed entry in Section 1 for further information on the topic
you are reading about. Commands are programs invoked directly by the user,
as opposed to subroutines, which are called by the user's programs. Most com-
mands reside in directory /bin (for binary programs); some, mostly the Category
C commands, reside in /usr/bin to save space in /bin. Both directories are
searched automatically by the command interpreter.
System calls are entries into the TNIX supervisor. Each system call has one or
more C language interfaces, as described in Section 2. The underlying assembly
language interface is also given.
Section 3 describes the standard system subroutines. The primary libraries in
which the subroutines are kept are described in intro (3). The subroutines are
described in terms of the C language, but most will work with Fortran.
Section 4, Special Files, discusses characteristics of system files or I/O devices.
Names in th is section refer to hardware device names rather than the name's of
the special files themselves.
Section 5, File Formats and Conventions, documents the structure of particular
types of files; for example, the output format of both the loader and assembler is
given. Files used by only one command, such as the assembler's intermediate
files, are not described.
@
0-1
Introduction-8560 MUSDU System Reference Manual
Section 6 describes the Category C software available with the TNIX operating
system.
Section 7 contains charts, tables, and programming tools for writing in various
specialized languages - an ASCII table, macro packages for typesetting and
document preparation, etc.
Section 8, Maintenance, outlines some of the procedures intended for use by the
system manager. Consult the Systems Maintenance section of the 8560 MUSDU
System Users Manual for complete information on system maintenance pro-
cedures.
0-2 @
8560 MUSDU System Reference Manual
Section 1
Commands
INTRODUCTION
A command consists of the command name followed by zero or more arguments,
each separated by a space. Arguments are either options or filenames; an argu-
ment beginning with a minus sign '-' is an option, even if it is positionally where a
file name should be. It is unwise to begin filenames with'-~
Options are of two major types - flags and parameters. Flags have an on-off
value; a parameter indicates that the following argument is a value to be used as
indicated by the parameter syntax.
Filename arguments are processed in order of occurance.
Any command that accepts multiple input files accepts a '_' in place of a filename; this
indicates that the standard input is to be used.
Several single character flags may be grouped after a single minus sign as one
argument (e.g. -xyz instead of -x -y -z ).
The n.me subsection lists the exact name of the command and subrou-
tine covered and gives a short description of its purpose.
The synopsis subsection summarizes the use of the program being
described. A few conventions are used, particularly in the comm.nds
subsection:
Boldf.ce words are considered literals, and are typed just as they
appear.
Square brackets [ ] around an argument indicate that the argu-
ment is optional. When an argument is given as 'name', it always
refers to a file name.
Ellipses ' ... ' are used to show that the previous argument-
prototype may be repeated.
The d.scrlptlon subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
The fll