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Agilent AN 1287-6 Using a Network Analyzer to Characterize High-Power Components Application Note DUT Table of Contents 3 Introduction 3 Defining high power 4 Why high-power measurements can be challenging 5 Network analyzer configurations for measuring high-power devices 6 Configuration 1 7 Configuration 2 9 Configuration 3 11 Configuration 4 12 Configuration 5 14 Configuration 6 14 Additional configurations 15 Source leveling 15 Source leveling using power-meter calibration 16 Source leveling using external leveling 17 Calibration -- purpose and types 17 Calibrating tips for best results 17 Dynamic accuracy 18 Choosing calibration power levels 18 Calibrating at one power level versus two power levels 19 Common problems of high-power measurements 19 Amplifiers with AGC loops 19 On-wafer devices (pulsed measurements) 23 Appendix 23 Network analyzers--definition and capabilities 25 Test sets 26 Calibration 27 Suggested reading Introduction Defining high power This application note describes linear and nonlinear What might be considered "high-power device measurements of high-power components and how output" (e.g., 30 dBm or 1 Watt) in one application to use a network analyzer for making them. It covers can be insignificant in another application, such as the power limitations of a network analyzer, and a radar test that uses devices with power levels in special network-analyzer equipment configurations the 60 dBm (1,000 Watt) range. In this note, "high for high-power measurements. How to improve power" refers to a power level above the compres- the accuracy of high-power measurements and sion level and certainly above the damage level of solve common problems when making high-power a standard network analyzer. Therefore, a power measurements are also described. amplifier with an output beyond the measurement capability of a standard network analyzer would be To get the most from this note, you should have a classified as a high-power device. We extend our basic understanding of network analyzers and the definition to also include devices that require a measurements you can make with a network ana- drive level that is higher than a standard network lyzer. For a basic review, please see the Appendix analyzer can provide. So a high-power device is at the end of this note. Additional network analysis one that delivers more power than a standard literature and study materials can be ordered network analyzer can measure, or requires more through Agilent Technologies. A reference list is input power than the analyzer can provide. included at the end of the note.