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Number 3026 Application Note Electrical Characterization of Series Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells with the Model 4200-SCS Semiconductor Characterization System I-V, C-V, C-f, DLCP, Pulsed I-V, Resistivity, and Hall Voltage Measurements Introduction Making Electrical Measurements with the Model 4200-SCS The increasing demand for clean energy and the largely untapped potential of the sun as an energy source is making To simplify testing photovoltaic materials and cells, the Model solar energy conversion technology increasingly important. 4200-SCS is supported with a test project for making many of As a result, the demand for solar cells, which convert sunlight the mostly commonly used measurements easily. These tests, directly into electricity, is growing. Solar or photovoltaic (PV) which include I-V, capacitance, and resistivity measurements, also cells are made up of semiconductor materials that absorb include formulas for extracting common parameters such as the photons from sunlight and then release electrons, causing an maximum power, short circuit current, defect density, etc. The electric current to flow when the cell is connected to a load. SolarCell project (Figure 1) is included with all Model 4200-SCS A variety of measurements are used to characterize a solar systems running KTEI Version 8.0 or later. It provides thirteen cell's performance, including its output and its efficiency. This tests (Table 1) in the form of ITMs (Interactive Test Modules) electrical characterization is performed as part of research and and UTMs (User Test Modules) for electrical characterization. development of photovoltaic cells and materials, as well as Table 1. Test modules in the SolarCell project during the manufacturing process. Subsite Level Test Module Description IV_sweep fwd-ivsweep Performs I-V sweep and calculates Isc, Some of the electrical tests commonly performed on solar Voc, Pmax, Imax, Vmax, FF cells involve measuring current and capacitance as a function rev-ivsweep Performs reversed bias I-V sweep of an applied DC voltage. Capacitance measurements are CV_sweep cvsweep Generates C-V sweep sometimes made as a function of frequency or AC voltage. C-2vsV Generates C-V sweep and calculates 1/C2 Some tests requi